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1500 AD (search for this): chapter 1
with a coat of mail (1 Samuel xvii). It is frequently spoken of by Homer. Demetrius, son of Antigonus, had a coat of mail made of Cyprian adamant (perhaps steel). Cyprus was famous for its armor. The ancient Scythians had armor composed of horse's hoofs curiously strong and jointed together. Hengist the Saxon had scale armor A. D. 449, and King John of England possessed a hauberk of rings set edgewise, 1200. The cavalry of Henry III. had coats of mail. Henry VII. had a steel cuirass, 1500. Since the introduction of fire-arms the use of armor has been gradually discontinued, and it is now confined to the heavy cavalry or cuirassiers of European armies. As worn at present, it generally consists of a helmet of brass strengthened with steel, and a cuirass composed of a front piece, or breast-plate, and a back piece strongly laced or buckled together. The success of the French cuirassiers in the famous cavalry combat at Eckmuhl, 1809, was in a large degree owing to their wearing
399 BC (search for this): chapter 1
of the introduction of fire-arms as artillery appears involved in great obscurity. The artillery of the Moors is said to date back to 1118; from the few faint and imperfect allusions which occur here and there in old writers, it seems probable that their invention bore some analogy to rockets, or the projectile was self-propelling. The following are some of the dates ascribed to the introduction of some military engines and artillery:—. Catapult invented by Dionysius of Syracuse, B. C. 399 Gunpowder artillery used in China.A. D. 85 Cannon throwing stones, weighing 12 pounds, 300 paces.757 The Moors use artillery in attacking Saragossa.1118 The Moors use engines throwing stones and darts by means of fire.1157 The Chinese employ cannon throwing round-stone shot against the Mongols.1232 Cordova attacked by artillery.1280 A mortar for destroying buildings, etc. de-scribed by Al Mailla, an Arab historian.1291 Gibraltar taken by means of artillery.1308 A cannon in the arsena
1200 AD (search for this): chapter 1
mor of pieces of horn or horse-hoofs fastened to a linen doublet. Goliath was armed with a coat of mail (1 Samuel xvii). It is frequently spoken of by Homer. Demetrius, son of Antigonus, had a coat of mail made of Cyprian adamant (perhaps steel). Cyprus was famous for its armor. The ancient Scythians had armor composed of horse's hoofs curiously strong and jointed together. Hengist the Saxon had scale armor A. D. 449, and King John of England possessed a hauberk of rings set edgewise, 1200. The cavalry of Henry III. had coats of mail. Henry VII. had a steel cuirass, 1500. Since the introduction of fire-arms the use of armor has been gradually discontinued, and it is now confined to the heavy cavalry or cuirassiers of European armies. As worn at present, it generally consists of a helmet of brass strengthened with steel, and a cuirass composed of a front piece, or breast-plate, and a back piece strongly laced or buckled together. The success of the French cuirassiers in t
460 BC (search for this): chapter 1
surgeons endeavored to save a covering of skin for the stump by having it drawn upward previous to making the incision. In 1679, Lowdham, of Exeter, England, suggested cutting semicircular flaps on one or both sides of a limb, so as to preserve a fleshy cushion to cover the end of the bone. Both these modes are now in use, and are called the circular and the flap operations. The latter is the more frequently used. Amputation was not practised by the Greeks; at least, Hippocrates (B. C. 460) does not refer to it and did not practise it. Celsus notices it (A. D. 30). Cautery, pitch, etc. were used to arrest the bleeding. The needle and ligature were introduced about 1550, by the French surgeon Pere. He was surgeon to Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III. of France, and though a Protestant was concealed in the king's chamber on the night of St. Bartholomew. The king is said to have remarked, There is only one Pere. A complete set of surgical instruments of bron
1847 AD (search for this): chapter 1
Parkinson and Crosley, 1827. Laubereau, April 10, 1849; patented in England, 1847. This engine is the first which embodies the peculiar features of a furnace in rface from being transmitted to the external surface. Laubereau's air-engine (1847). Laubereau's air-engine (1859). This engine has been since modified (pateof the former. Its first use as an anaesthetic was by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh, 1847. Hydrate of chloral has recently become quite unpleasantly prominent in the lnto near proximity to the object; and in one case—Knight's English Patent, about 1847—a second tube was provided, down which was projected light from a lamp or the re in 1844. The Cincinnati Observatory in 1845. The Cambridge Observatory in 1847. The Amherst Observatory in 1847. Dartmouth, Newark, Shelbyville, Ky., Buf1847. Dartmouth, Newark, Shelbyville, Ky., Buffalo, Michigan University, Albany, and Hamilton College, have also observatories. A good article on the astronomical observatories of the United States may be foun
441 BC (search for this): chapter 1
and mercury, used for coloring images of plaster of Paris. Argentum Musivum. Ar′gil. Potter's clay, from the Latin argilla; white clay. Ar′go-sy. A merchant-ship of the Mediterranean; specially of the Levant. The term is now antiquated. Ari-es. The battering-ram, so called because the metallic head of the beam was sometimes fashioned like the head of a ram. As a means of battering walls it is said to have been invented by Artemanes of Calzomene, a Greek architect, about 441 B. C. It is described by Josephus, who states that it was sometimes supported on the shoulders of men who advanced on a run; at other times it was slung from a frame, and operated by ropes. Philip of Macedon is said to have been the first to place the frame on wheels, at the siege of Byzantium. Plutarch informs us that Marc Antony, in the Parthian war, made use of an aries 80 feet long. Vitruvius says they were sometimes 106 to 120 feet in length. A-rith-mom′e-ter. An instrument for a<
600 BC (search for this): chapter 1
of classic authors. For arithmetical calculation, the same board was used without the sand, to contain the counters, which were arranged thereon in parallel rows, representing respectively units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. Solon (about 600 B. C.) refers to the arbitrary denominations of the several lines, in a metaphor which compares the different grades of society to the different values of the counters in the several rows. The counters were pebbles, beans, or coins, especially thefeet long, and 15 inches in breadth. At the back the joints were packed with chips, and the whole was grouted with fluid mortar. This tomb is of the time of Amunoph I., 1540 B. C. The stone arch at Saccara is of the time of Psammeticus II., 600 B. C. The arches of the tombs of Beni Hassan are coeval with Osirtasen II. and the Viceroy Joseph. Arches are found in Chinese bridges of great antiquity and magnitude; and as before shown, those of Egypt far antedate the periods of Greece or Rom
525 BC (search for this): chapter 1
82 feet in diameter, and one cubit in thickness. It was divided and marked at every cubit with the days of the year, the rising and setting of the stars according to their natural revolutions, and the signs ascertained from them by Egyptian astrologers. Rameses reigned in the fourteenth century B. C., — the century after the settling of the land of Canaan by Joshua and the century before the Argonautic Expedition. The golden circle was carried away by Cambyses when he plundered Egypt, 525 B. C., about the time of Kung-fu-tze (Confucius). Ptolemy Euergetes, 246 B. C., placed in the square porch of the Alexandrian Museum an equinoctial and a solstitial armil, the graduated limbs of these instruments being divided into degrees and sixths. There were in the observatory stone structures, the precursors of our mural quadrants. On the floor a meridian line was drawn for the adjustment of the instruments. There were astrolabes and dioptras. The above were used from 246 B. C. to A.
670 BC (search for this): chapter 1
d various facilities of work have yet inspired no one. Some are anxious to build iron houses as much like stone as possible; the most ambitious attempt is an immense barn at Sydenham, England, — an engineering success, but not a work of inspiration. The Egyptian capitals were the prototypes of those of the Grecian and Roman orders; and the various ceramic works of the Greeks and Etruscans were strangely like those of the Nile people. The opening of the Egyptian ports by Psammeticus, 670 B. C., was fortunate for the nations on the northern shore of the Mediterranean. For Specific Index of architecture, see Mason's and bricklayer's work. Ar′chi-ton-nere. A name for the steam gun. Archi-trave. （Architecture.) That portion of an entablature which rests upon the columns; the lintel. （Carpentry.) The molding around a doorway or window. The respective portions are known as the transverse architrave, and architrave jambs. Ar′chi-volt. （Architecture
1856 AD (search for this): chapter 1
zebrook's second patent, 1801, has a refrigeratory, whose use is not, as in Randolph's (Scotland, 1856), to cool the pump wherein the air is condensed (see compressed-air engine), but is used for depr Ericsson's air-engine (1855). Ericsson patented improvements in air-engines in 1851, 1855, 1856, 1858, and 1860. The following affords an example of one of his engines. Ericsson, specificat52 Tombac (Malay, tambaga, copper)1611 Red Tombac111Lead.Nickel. Mock Silver (Toucas's Patent, 1856, England）511141 Mock Gold (Hackert's, patented June 11, 1867), cream of tartar, 8 oz; saltpetiful white frosted appearance, like that of frosted silver. F. W. Gerhard obtained a patent in 1856, in England, for an improved means of obtaining aluminium metal, and the adaptation thereof to thh chloride of zinc. It was discovered by M. Balard, of Paris, in 1844. First used by Dr. Snow in 1856. Kerosolene was derived from the distillation of coal-tar by Merrill of Boston. Its use as an
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