I.war.
I. Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoriā contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Müll.: “bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes ... Postea mutatā litterā dictum bellum,” Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.): “legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,” Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35: “quae domi duellique male fecisti,” id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents: “quique agent rem duelli,” Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21: “aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,” id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws): “puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,” Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so, “quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,” id. 22, 10, 2: “victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,” id. 23, 11, 2: “si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,” id. 36, 2, 2; “and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,” id. 40, 52, 5.—Poet.: “hic... Pacem duello miscuit,” Hor. C. 3, 5, 38: “cadum Marsi memorem duelli,” id. ib. 3, 14, 18: “vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,” id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169—
II. Form bellum.
A. War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).
1. Specifying the enemy.
a. By adjj. denoting the nation: “omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,” Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: “aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,” id. Ac. 2, 5, 13: “Britannicum bellum,” id. Att. 4, 16, 13: “Gallicum,” id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35: “Germanicum,” Caes. B. G. 3, 28: “Sabinum,” Liv. 1, 26, 4: “Parthicum,” Vell. 2, 46, 2; “similarly: bellum piraticum,” the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy: “Sertorianum bellum,” Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: “Mithridaticum,” id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7: “Jugurthinum,” Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1; “similarly: bellum regium,” the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war: “bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,” Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: “Asiaticum,” id. ib. 22, 64: “Africum,” Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.: “Actiacum,” Vell. 2, 86, 3: “Hispaniense,” id. 2, 55, 2.—
b. With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: “Venetorum,” Caes. B. G. 3, 16: “Helvetiorum,” id. ib. 1, 40 fin.; “1, 30: Ambiorigis,” id. ib. 6, 29, 4: “Pyrrhi, Philippi,” Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17: “Samnitium,” Liv. 7, 29, 2.—
c. With cum and abl. of the name.
(α).
Attributively: “cum Jugurthā, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,” Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60: “belli causā cum Samnitibus,” Liv. 7, 29, 3: “hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,” id. 33, 35, 12: “novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,” id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—
(β).
With cum dependent on the verb: “quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,” Plaut. Capt. prol. 59: “novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,” Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. α infra.—
d. With adversus and acc. of the name.
(α).
Attributively: “bellum adversus Philippum,” Liv. 31, 1, 8: “bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,” id. 8, 29, 6.—
(β).
With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18: “ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,” id. 45, 11, 8: “bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,” Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—
e. With contra and acc.: “cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,” Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1: “causam belli contra patriam inferendi,” id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—
f. With in and acc. (very rare): “Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,” Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—
k. With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. κ infra.—
2. With verbs.
a. Referring to the beginning of the war.
(α).
Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war: “summa erat observatio in bello movendo,” Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37: “bellum commotum a Scapulā,” id. Fam. 9, 13, 1: “nuntiabant alii... in Apuliā servile bellum moveri,” Sall. C. 30, 2: “is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,” Liv. 1, 53, 2: “insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,” id. 4, 58, 6: “dii pium movere bellum,” id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so, “concitare,” Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere (poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—
(β).
Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war: “cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,” Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3: “bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,” Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. β supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so, “parare alicui,” Nep. Alcib. 9, 5: “bellum terrā et mari comparat,” Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3: “tantum bellum ... Cn. Pompeius extremā hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, mediā aestate confecit,” id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5: “bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,” Liv. 4, 55, 7: “numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,” Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—
(γ).
Bellum differre, to postpone a war: “nec jam poterat bellum differri,” Liv. 2, 30, 7: “mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,” id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—
(δ).
Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Cæsar): “omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,” Sall. J. 83, 1: “prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,” id. ib. 20, 5: “de integro bellum sumit,” id. ib. 62, 9: “iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,” Liv. 38, 19, 3: “sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,” Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—(ε) Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war: “bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,” Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80: “suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,” id. ib. 1, 11, 35: “judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,” join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra): “cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,” undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14: “senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,” id. 6, 9, 5: “bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,” Vell. 2, 3, 3.— (ζ) Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare): “consensit et senatus bellum,” Liv. 8, 6, 8: “bellum erat consensum,” id. 1, 32, 12.—(η) Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war: “sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,” Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: “populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,” id. ib.: “cur non... eidem ... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?” id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50: “Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,” Liv. 5, 26, 3: “Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,” id. 6, 22, 6: “Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,” id. 7, 23, 2: “quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,” Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44: “cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,” id. ib. 16, 49: “hunc toti bello praefecerunt,” Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.: “alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,” Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58: “bellum administrandum permittere,” id. ib. 21, 61.— (θ) Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: “ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,” Liv. 1, 32, 13: “Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?” Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17: “ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,” id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35: “bellum indici posse existimabat,” Liv. 1, 22, 4: “ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,” id. 1, 22, 6: “ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus ... descripsit quo res repetuntur,” id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.— (κ) Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against (with), to make war on: “Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,” Cic. Pis. 34, 84: “ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,” Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: “qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,” Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248: “bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?” Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: “bellum patriae faciet,” id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22: “civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,” Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2; “3, 29: constituit bellum facere,” Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2: “occupant bellum facere,” they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4: “ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,” id. 1, 32, 13: “populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,” id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war: “urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,” Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—(λ) Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins: “subito bellum in Galliā ex, ortum est,” Caes. B. G. 3, 7: “aliud multo propius bellum ortum,” Liv. 1, 14, 4: “Veiens bellum exortum,” id. 2, 53, 1.—
b. Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.: “bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,” Cic. Sen. 6, 18: “cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,” id. Off. 1, 12, 38: “cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,” id. Div. 1, 46, 103: “erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,” Caes. B. G. 3, 10: “bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,” id. ib. 4, 6: “Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,” Sall. C. 16, 5: “bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,” Liv. 21, 1, 1: “alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,” id. 2, 62, 3: “de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,” id. 23, 25, 5: “Chabrias bella in Aegypto suā sponte gessit,” Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare): “bellum bellare,” Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.); “in the same sense: bellum agere,” Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym: “bello persequi aliquem,” Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—
(β).
Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war: “necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,” Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2: “bellum trahi non posse,” Sall. J. 23, 2: “belli trahendi causā,” Liv. 5, 11, 8: “morae quā trahebant bellum paenitebat,” id. 9, 27, 5: “suadere institui ut bellum duceret,” Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2: “bellum enim ducetur,” id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4; “similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?” Liv. 5, 5, 1.—
(γ).
Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one's self against a war: “bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,” Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32: “quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,” Caes. B. G. 1, 44: “Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,” Liv. 8, 37, 5.—
c. Referring to the end of a war.
(α).
Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war: “in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,” Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34: “(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,” Sall. J. 83, 1: “bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,” Liv. 31, 1, 8: “nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,” id. 31, 31, 19: “dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,” Sall. J. 112, 1: “bellum grave cum Etruriā positum est,” id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch: “velut posito bello,” Liv. 1, 53, 5: “manere bellum quod positum simuletur,” id. 1, 53, 7: “posito ubique bello,” Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291: “omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,” Liv. 2, 14, 5.—
(β).
Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace: “timerent ne bellum componeretur,” Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3: “si bellum compositum foret,” Sall. J. 97, 2: “belli componendi licentiam,” id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109; “similarly: bellum sedare,” Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—
(γ).
Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success: “is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,” Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2: “bellumque maximum conficies,” id. Rep. 6, 11, 11: “confecto Mithridatico bello,” id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42: “quo proelio ... bellum Venetorum confectum est,” Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28; “4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,” Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3: “neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,” Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6; “36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,” Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3: “se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),” id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11: “neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliquā tolerabili condicione bellum videro,” Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maximā parte.. italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—
d. Less usual connections: “bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,” Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4: “alere ac fovere bellum,” Liv. 42, 11, 5: “bellum navare alicui,” Tac. H. 5, 25: “spargere,” id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682: “serere,” Liv. 21, 10, 4: “circumferre,” Tac. A. 13, 37: “exercere,” id. ib. 6, 31: “quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),” Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17: “bellum ascendit in rupes,” id. 4, 12, 4: “bellum serpit in proximos,” id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15: “bella narrare,” Cic. Or. 9, 30: “canere bella,” Quint. 10, 1, 91: “bella legere,” Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—
3. As object denoting place or time.
a. Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.
(α).
Of the commander: “consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,” Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33: “ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,” Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4: “ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,” Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.: “in bellum,” Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—
b. Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—
d. Of time.
(α).
In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque): “valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,” Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so, “domi duellique,” id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra): “quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,” Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85: “paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,” Sall. J. 41, 7: “animus belli ingens, domi modicus,” id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.: “bello domique,” id. 1, 34, 12: “domi belloque,” id. 9, 26, 21; and: “neque bello, neque domi,” id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi: “simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,” Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf. “Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,” Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—
(β).
In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.: “ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,” Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22: “in ipso bello eadem sensi,” id. Marcell. 5, 14: “in Volsco bello virtus enituit,” Liv. 2, 24, 8: “in eo bello,” id. 23, 46, 6: “in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,” id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.: “ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,” Plaut. Capt. prol. 25: “qui in bello occiderunt,” Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2: “quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,” Sall. C. 9, 4: “non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,” Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2: “in bello parta,” Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—
(γ).
Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: “bello Italico,” id. Pis. 36, 87: “Veienti bello,” id. Div. 1, 44, 100: “domestico bello,” id. Planc. 29, 70: “qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,” Liv. 23, 12, 11: “victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,” id. 2, 27, 1: “nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,” id. 9, 18, 9: “bello civili,” Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.: “praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,” Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: “suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,” Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.: “qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,” Cic. Sest. 26, 57: “res pace belloque gestas,” Liv. 2, 1, 1: “egregieque rebus bello gestis,” id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11: “ludi bello voti,” id. 4, 35. 3: “princeps pace belloque,” id. 7, 1, 9: “Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,” id. 45, 42, 7: “bello parta,” Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—
(δ).
Inter bellum (rare): “cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,” Liv. 2, 14, 2: “inter haec bella consules... facti,” id. 2, 63, 1.—
4. Bellum in attributive connection.
a. Justum bellum.
(α).
A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. θ supra): “justum piumque bellum,” Liv. 1, 23, 4: “non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,” id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causā suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—
(β).
A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.): “in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,” Liv. 1, 15, 1.—
b. For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terrā marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—
c. Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war: “quicunque belli eventus fuisset,” Cic. Marcell. 8, 24: “haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,” Sall. C. 37, 9: “eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,” Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1: “exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,” Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1: “cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,” id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8, : “Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,” id. Att. 4, 16, 13: “cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,” Liv. 5, 16, 8.—
d. Fortuna belli, the chances of war: “adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,” Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—
e. Belli artes, military skill: “cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloriā par,” Liv. 1, 35, 1: “haud ignotas belli artes,” id. 21, 1, 2: “temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,” id. 1, 21, 6.—
f. Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights (law) of war: “in re publicā maxime servanda sunt jura belli,” Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34: “sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,” Liv. 5, 27, 6: “jure belli res vindicatur,” Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—
g. Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7: “trium simul bellorum victor,” a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.: “victor tot bellis,” id. 2, 27, 1). —
h. Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—
B. Transf.
1. Of things concr. and abstr.: “qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,” Cic. Dom. 23, 60: “bellum contra aras et focos,” id. Phil. 3, 1, 1: “miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,” id. Or. 2, 37, 155: “ventri Indico bellum,” Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—
2. Of animals: “milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,” Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125: “hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,” Ov. M. 6, 92.—
3. With individuals: “quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,” Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14: “nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quīcum familiariter vixeris,” Cic. Lael. 21, 77: “cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,” id. Sull. 9, 28: “hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,” Liv. 2, 12, 11: “falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,” id. 3, 25, 3: “tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,” id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically: “equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,” Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—
4. In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—
5. Personified as god of war ( = Janus): “tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,” Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27: “sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,” Verg. A. 7, 607: “mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,” id. ib. 6, 279.—
6. Plur.: bella, army (poet.): “permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),” Ov. M. 12, 24: “sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,” Sil. 7, 472: “quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?” Stat. Th. 9, 490.—
7. Battle, = proelium: “rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,” Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92: “quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,” Sall. C. 9, 4: “praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,” Liv. 8, 10, 7: “commisso statim bello,” Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2: “Actia bella,” Verg. A. 8, 675: “ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,” id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —