Basil L. Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek

Tenses of the Moods

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[*] 299. In the language of classic prose the indicative alone expresses the sphere of time directly (183), the other moods express the sphere of time indirectly.

[*] 300. It must be noticed, however, that in the earlier language the optative appears to have been used as a potential of the past; hence its affinity with the past tenses in oratio obliqua, hence, perhaps, the occasional use of the present optative as a real imperfect. Nor, on the other hand. are we to overlook the fact that the indicative loses its sphere of time in unreal conditional sentences.

[*] 301. Subjunctive and imperative are both future by their nature. So also is the optative outside of oratio obliqua. Under the head of future are included immediate and indefinite present. When we use, then, “present,” “perfect,” and “aorist” of the non-indicative moods, we mean by present “continuance,” by perfect “completion,” and by aorist “attainment.”

[*] 302. In not a few verbs, owing to their sense, some of the modal tenses are not used, some are rare. We should not expect to find “ἀπολλύοιτο”, and “χαρείη” (HOM. Il, 6.481) is scarce.

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Tenses of the Imperative

[*] 303. PRESENT (durative):

“γίγνωσκε σαυτόν,” AESCHYL. P. V. 309 ; Learn, strive, to know thyself.

AORIST (attainment):

“γνῶθι σαυτόν”, PLATO, Protag. 343B; “Come to a knowledge of thyself.”

PERFECT (completion):

“ἀνερρίφθω κύβος”, COM. Men. 4.88; Let the die be cast and stay cast.

For additional examples see under Imperative Mood.

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Tenses of the Subjunctive

[*] 304. PRESENT:

“σκοπώμεθα”, PLATO, Protag. 314B; Let us consider (a course of study). “μὴ διώκωμεν”, HDT.8.109; Let us give up the pursuit.

AORIST:

“σκεψώμεθα”, PLATO, Protag. 330B; Let us consider (each part by itself). “εἴπω . . . σοι τὸ αἴτιον”; Theaet. 149 B; Shall I tell you the reason?

For additional examples see chapters on the Subjunctive and the Imperative Mood.

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Tenses of the Pure Optative

[*] 305. PRESENT:

“νικῴη δ᾽ ὅ τι πᾶσιν μέλλει συνοίσειν”, DEM.4.51; May that prevail which shall advantage all! “ἔρδοι τις ἣν ἕκαστος εἰδείη τέχνην”, AR. Vesp. 1431.

AORIST:

“ὑμεῖς δ᾽ ἕλοισθ̓ ὅ τι καὶ τῇ πόλει καὶ ἅπασι συνοίσειν ὑμῖν μέλλει”, DEM.3.36; May you choose that which shall advantage both the state and all of you!

PERFECT:

Chiefly with such perfects as are equivalent to presents.

“αὐτίκα τεθναίην”, HOM. Il. 18.98; May I be dead forthwith! “αἲ γὰρ ἐμοὶ τοιόσδε πόσις κεκλημένος εἴη”, Od. 6.244 (periphrastic perfect).¹

For further examples see under the Optative Mood.

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Tenses of the Optative with ἄν

[*] 306. PRESENT (Future ascertainment of a present, future, or past imperfect action):

“φαῦλοι . . . ἂν . . . εἶεν”, PLATO, Apol. 28B-C; They must be sorry fellows. “τάχα δὲ ἂν καὶ οἱ ἀποδ̔όμενοι λέγοιεν” (might have told the tale) “ἀπικόμενοι ἐς Σπάρτην ὡς ἀπαιρεθείησαν ὑπὸ Σαμίων”, HDT.1.70.

AORIST (Future ascertainment of an aoristic action, rarely of the past):

“οὐκ ἂν ἀρνηθείην”, DEM.21.191; I can't deny it. “τάχα δ᾽ ἄν τι καὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος ἐπαύροιτο”, HDT.7.180; Perhaps he may to some extent have had his name also to thank for that (as if “ἐπαυ ρόμενος ἂν γένοιτο”).

PERFECT (Future ascertainment of a completed action):

“λέληθέ σε . . .; . . . πῶς ἂν . . . λελήθοι” (“με”); XEN. Conv. 3.6; Has it escaped your observation? How can it have escaped my observation? “ἡμεῖς ἂν εἶμεν θατέρῳ κεχρημένοι”, EUR. Hipp. 349; We must have felt the worser half.

See further the chapter on the Optative with “ἄν”.

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Tenses of the Optative as Representative of the Indicative

[*] 307. The optative as the representative of the indicative in oratio obliqua after a past tense ordinarily represents the corresponding tenses of the indicative from the point of view of the speaker.

Present Optative (= Present Indicative):

“ἔλεγεν ὅτι εἰ . . . βλαβερὰ τῇ Λακεδαίμονι πεπραχὼς εἴη” (= “πέπραχε”), “δίκαιος εἴη” (= “δίκαιός ἐστι”) “ζημιοῦσθαι”, XEN. Hell. 5.2.32; He said that if he had (has) done what was damaging to Lacedaemon, he deserved (deserves) to be punished.

LYS.12.6: “ἔλεγον . . . ὡς εἶέν τινες τῇ πολιτείᾳ ἀχθόμενοι” .

PLATO, Euthyd. 276E: “ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι μανθάνοιεν οἱ μανθάνοντες ἃ οὐκ ἐπίσταιντο”.

XEN. Hell. 5.2.32 (see above).

HDT.1.83: “ἦλθε ἄλλη ἀγγελίη, ὡς ἡλώκοι τὸ τεῖχος . . . καὶ ἔχοιτο Κροῖσος ζωγρηθείς”.

SOPH. Tr. 161-2: “εἶπε μὲν λέχους ὅ τι” | “χρείη μ᾽ ἑλέσθαι κτῆσιν”.

HOM. Only after interrogatives. Od. 15.423: “εἰρώτα δὴ ἔπειτα τίς εἴη καὶ πόθεν ἔλθοι”. 17.368.²

[*] 308. Aorist Optative (= Aorist Indicative):

“ἀπήγγελλεν ὡς τὸ . . . ἄστυ . . . ἑαλωκὸς καταλίποι”, LYCURG.18; He reported that he had left the city captured.

LYCURG.18(see above).

DEM. [34]DEM., 11: “ἔλεγεν ὅτι οὔτε τὰ χρήματα ἔνθοιτο εἰς τὴν ναῦν οὗτος . . . οὔτε τὸ χρυσίον εἰληφὼς εἴη παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐν Βοσπόρῳ”. [52]DEM., 15(see 312). [59]DEM., 81(see 311).

XEN. An. 4.3.11: “ἔλεγον ὅτι τυγχάνοιεν φρύγανα συλλέγοντες ὡς ἐπὶ πῦρ, κἄπειτα κατίδοιεν . . . γέροντά τε καὶ γυναῖκα κτἑ”. Hell. 1.7.5 (see 312).

AR. Ach. 648-9: “ἠρώτησεν . . . τοῦτον τὸν ποιὴτὴν ποτέρους εἴποι κακὰ πολλά”. Vesp. 283: “κατείποι”.

SOPH. Tr. 431-2: “ἤκουσεν ὡς ταύτης πόθῳ” | “πόλις δαμείη πᾶσα”.

PIND. O. 6.49: “εἴρετο παῖδα τὸν Εὐάδνα τέκοι” (where see note).

HOM. Od. 15.423 (307). 17.368 (307). 24.237: “ὡς ἔλθοι” is to be considered interrogative (how he had come).

[*] 309. Perfect Optative (= Perfect Indicative):

“ἔλεγον ὅτι ἐγὼ πάντα εἴην （῀ εἰμί ） πεπυσμένος,” LYS. 1.18 ; I said that I had found out everything.

DEM.18.22: “ἐτόλμα λέγειν ὡς ἄρ᾽ ἐγὼ . . . κεκωλυκὼς εἴην τὴν πόλιν . . . ταύτην” (= “τὴν εἰρήνην”) “ποιήσασθαι”. [34]DEM., 11: “εἰληφὼς εἴη” (308).

PLATO , Phaedo 59 E: “ἐπυθόμεθα ὅτι τὸ πλοῖον ἐκ Δήλου ἀφιγμένον εἴη”.

XEN. Hell. 1.1.11: “πυθόμενος δὲ ὅτι αἱ τῶν Πελοποννησίων νῆες . . . ἀνηγμέναι εἶεν εἰς Κύζικον, . . . ἦλθεν εἰς Σηστόν”. Hell. 5.2.32: “πεπραχὼς εἴη” (307).

HDT.1.83: “ἡλώκοι” (307).

[*] 310. Future Optative (= Future Indicative):

“ἔλεγον ὅτι . . . οὐ δυνήσοιντο” (= “οὐ δυνησόμεθα”) “μὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς Θηβαίοις”, XEN. Hell. 6.1.1; They said that they would not be able to refuse to obey the Thebans.

DEM. [50]DEM., 56: “ἀπεκρίνατό μοι ὅτι οὐδ᾽ ἀκαρῆ δανείσοι”.

ISAE. 6.23: “εἰδότες δ᾽ οἱ ἀναγκαῖοι ὅτι ἐξ ἐκείνου μὲν οὐκ ἂν ἔτι γένοιντο παῖδες . . ., φανήσοιντο δ᾽ ᾁλλῳ τινὶ τρόπῳ, καὶ ἐκ τούτων ἔσοιντο ἔτι μείζους διαφοραί, ἔπειθον κτἑ”.

ANTIPHON, 1.11: “ἐπεξίοιμι” (195).

PLATO, Euthyd. 283A: “ἐπεσκόπουν τίνα ποτὲ τρόπον ἅψοιντο τοῦ λόγου καὶ ὁπόθεν ἄρξοιντο κτἑ”.

XEN. Hell. 2.3.17: “πολλοὶ δῆλοι ἦσαν . . . θαυμάζοντες τί ἔσοιτο ἡ πολιτεία”. Ibid.: “ἔλεγεν ὁ Θηραμένης ὅτι . . . ἀδύνατον ἔσοιτο τὴν ὀλιγαρχίαν διαμένειν”. 2.3.56: “εἶπεν ὁ Σάτυρος ὅτι οἰμώξοιτο” (= “οἰμώξει”). 6.1.1.

AR. Eq. 776: “οὐ φροντίζων τῶν ἰδιωτῶν οὐδενός, εἰ σοὶ χαριοίμην”.

AESCHYL. Pers. 356-60: “ἔλεξε παιδὶ σῷ Ξέρξῃ τάδε”, | “ὡς . . . Ἕλληνες οὐ μενοῖεν, ἀλλὰ . . . βίοτον ἐκσωσοίατο”.

PIND. O. 9.115-6: “ἐκέλευσεν διακρῖναι . . . ἅντινα σχήσοι τις ἡρώων” (earliest example).

[*] 311. Retention of imperfect and pluperfect indicative in oratio obliqua.

The imperfect and pluperfect having no optative, the retention of the indicative is to be expected.

“ἐδεῖτο ὁ Θεογένης . . . λέγων ὅτι οὐκ ᾔδει Νεαίρας αὐτὴν οὖσαν θυγατέρα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξαπατηθείη ὑπὸ Στεφάνου”, DEM. [59]DEM., 81; Theogenes begged saying that he did not know that she was the daughter of Neaera, but that he had been deceived by Stephanus.

[*] 312. Present optative representing imperfect indicative.

In the absence of an imperfect optative the present optative is not infrequently found to represent an imperfect indicative.

“διηγοῦντο ὅτι αὐτοὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους πλέοιεν” (= “ἔπλεον”), “τὴν δὲ ἀναίρεσιν τῶν ναυαγῶν προστάξειαν . . . Θηραμένει κτἑ.”, XEN. Hell. 1.7.5; Their story was that they kept sailing after the enemy and had assigned the picking up of the shipwrecked to Theramenes etc.

DEM. [52]DEM., 15: “ἐτόλμησαν μαρτυρῆσαι ὡς ὁ μὲν Κάλλιππος ὅρκον τῷ πατρὶ δοίη” (= “ἔδωκε”), “ὁ δὲ πατὴρ οὐκ ἐθέλοι” (= “οὐκ ἤθελεν”） “ὀμόσαι”.

LYS. 1.14: “ἐρομένου δ᾽ ἐμοῦ τί αἱ θύραι νύκτωρ ψοφοῖεν” (cf. § 17: “ἀναμιμνῃσκόμενος . . . ὅτι . . . ἐψόφει” ). 1.20: “κατηγόρει . . . ὡς μετὰ τὴν ἐκφορὰν αὐτῇ προσίοι” .

XEN. An. 4.3.11: “τυγχάνοιεν” (see 308). Hell. 1.7.5 (see above).

See further on this whole subject Oratio Obliqua and Object Sentences.

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Tenses of the Infinitive

[*] 313. Infinitive as a verbal noun

, The infinitive as a verbal noun is used chiefly in the present and aorist, more rarely in the perfect. The temporal relation is that of the kind of time.

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Infinitive as a subject³

[*] 314. PRESENT:

a. Without the article:

“ῥᾷον παραινεῖν ἢ παθόντα καρτερεῖν”, EUR. Alc. 1078; 'T is easier to preach than suffer and be strong.

LYS.8.2: “ἀνιαρὸν μὲν οὖν ἀναγκάζεσθαι λέγειν περὶ τούτων, ἀδύνατον δὲ μὴ λέγειν” .

ANDOC.1.8: “κράτιστον οὖν μοι εἶναι δοκεῖ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑμᾶς διδάσκειν πάντα τὰ γενόμενα καὶ παραλιπεῖν μηδέν”.

PLATO, Rpb. 555C: “πλοῦτον τιμᾶν καὶ σωφροσύνην ἅμα ἱκανῶς κτᾶσθαι . . . ἀδύνατον”.

THUC.1.5. 2: “κόσμος καλῶς τοῦτο δρᾶν”.

COM. Archipp. 2.727: “ὡς ἡδὺ τὴν θάλατταν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ὁρᾶν” | “ὦ μῆτέρ ἐστι”.

EUR. Alc. 1078 (see above).

AESCHYL. P.V. 751: “πάσχειν” (see 316).

THEOGN. 211: “οἶνόν τοι πίνειν πουλὺν κακόν”.

HOM. Il. 1.274: “πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον”. 2.453: “τοῖσι δ᾽ ἄφαρ πόλεμος γλυκίων γένετ᾽ ἠὲ νέεσθαι”. 10.174.

[*] 315. b. With the article:

“κακὸν τὸ πίνειν”, AR. Vesp. 1253; A bad thing this drinking. “τὸ βούλεσθαί μ᾽ ἔκνιζε”, EUR. I. A. 330.

ISOC.2.2: “τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ἰδιώτας ἐστὶ πολλὰ τὰ παιδεύοντα, μάλιστα μὲν τὸ μὴ τρυφᾶν ἀλλ᾽ ἀναγκάζεσθαι περὶ τοῦ βίου καθ̓ ἑκάστην βουλεύεσθαι τὴν ἡμέραν”.

PLATO , Alc. 11.143 E: “κακὸν ἄῤ, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ βελτίστου ἄγνοια καὶ τὸ ἀγνοεῖν τὸ βέλτιστον”.

XEN. Cyr. 5.1.11: “τὸ . . . ἐρᾶν ἐθελούσιόν ἐστιν”.

AR. Vesp. 1253 (see above). fr. 2.1133: “τὸ γὰρ φοβεῖσθαι τὸν θάνατον λῆρος πολύς”.

EUR. Alc. 693: “τὸ δὲ ζῆν μικρόν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως γλυκύ”. Bacch. 389-90: “ὁ δὲ . . . βίοτος καὶ τὸ φρονεῖν” . Heracl. 240: “τὸ συγγενές τε καὶ τὸ προυφείλειν”. 476: “σιγή τε καὶ τὸ σωφρονεῖν”. I. A. 330 (see above).

SOPH. El. 265: “τὸ τητᾶσθαι” (316). 770: “δεινὸν τὸ τίκτειν ἐστίν” (136). fr. 239: “ἀλλὰ τῷ γήρᾳ φιλεῖ” | “χὡ νοῦς ὁμαρτεῖν καὶ τὸ βουλεύειν ἃ δεῖ”.

PIND. O. 9.38: “τὸ καυχᾶσθαι”. P. 2.56: “τὸ πλουτεῖν”. N. 5.18: “τὸ σιγᾶν”.

SIMON, C. 100.1: “τὸ καλῶς θνῄσκειν ἀρετῆς μέρος ἐστὶ μέγιστον”.

[*] 316. AORIST:

a. Without the article:

“ κρεῖσσον γὰρ εἰσάπαξ θανεῖν
ἢ τὰς ἁπάσας ἡμέρας πάσχειν κακῶς,
”

AESCHYL. P. V. 750-1

: 'T is better once for all to die than suffer on forever and forever more.

DEM.3.18: “εὔξασθαι μὲν . . . ῥᾴδιον . . ., ἑλέσθαι δ᾽ . . . οὐκέθ̓ ὁμοίως εὔπορον”.

ANDOC.1.8: “παραλιπεῖν” (see 314).

PLATO, Theaet. 187E: “κρεῖττον γάρ που σμικρὸν εὖ ἢ πολὺ μὴ ἱκανῶς περᾶναι”.

THUC.1.22.1: “χαλεπὸν τὴν ἀκρίβειαν αὐτὴν τῶν λεχθέντων διαμνημονεῦσαι”.

AR. Vesp. 367: “διατραγεῖν τοίνυν κράτιστόν ἐστί μοι τὸ δίκτυον”.

SOPH. El. 264-5: (“ἐ”）“κ τῶνδέ μοι” | “λαβεῖν θ᾽ ὁμοίως καὶ τὸ τητᾶσθαι πέλει”.

PIND. P. 4.272: “ῥᾴδιον μὲν γὰρ πόλιν σεῖσαι”.

BACCHYL.111.47: “θανεῖν γλύκιστον”.

HOM. Od. 9.241: “ἀργαλέον, βασίλεια, διηνεκέως ἀγορεῦσαι”.

Il. 2.5-6: “ἥδε δέ οἱ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀρίστη φαίνετο βουλή:” | “πέμψαι ἐπ᾽ Ἀτρεΐδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι οὖλον ὄνειρον”.

[*] 317. b. With the article:

“τὸ . . . καταγελασθῆναι ἴσως οὐδὲν πρᾶγμα”, PLATO, Euthyph. 3C; To get laughed at is perhaps a matter of no great consequence.

DEM.1.23: “πολλάκις δοκεῖ τὸ φυλάξαι τἀγαθὰ τοῦ κτήσασθαι χαλεπώτερον εἶναι”.

ANDOC.2.5: “μεγάλη δὲ δήπου καὶ τὸ ἐξαμαρτεῖν δυσπραξία ἐστί”.

ANTIPHON, 5.91: “τὸ ἀδίκως ἀπολῦσαι ὁσιώτερον ἂν εἴη τοῦ μὴ δικαίως ἀπολέσαι”.

PLATO, Euthyph. 3C (see above).

THUC.3.58.2: “βραχὺ γὰρ τὸ τὰ ἡμέτερα σώματα διαφθεῖραι”.

AR. Lys. 884: “οἷον τὸ τεκεῖν” .

COM. Antiphan. 3.150: “τὸ προῖκ᾽ ἀποθανεῖν ἐστι φανερὰ ζημία”.

EUR. fr. 854: “τὸ μὲν σφαγῆναι δεινόν”.

PIND. O. 8.60: “ἄγνωμον δὲ τὸ μὴ προμαθεῖν”.

ALCAE. 30: “τὸ γὰρ” | “Ἄρευϊ κατθάνην κάλον”.

[*] 318. PERFECT:

a. Without the article:

“πόλει . . . ἀνάγκη βεβουλεῦσθαι τί χρὴ δρᾶν”, PLATO, Legg. 949E; A city must needs have a settled policy as to what is to be done.

DEM.19.179: “ἡλωκέναι προσήκει”. Ibid. 282: “ἀπολωλέναι”. 21.120: “ἀνηρπάσθαι”. 36.13: “δεδωκέναι”.

LYS.30.27: “τούτῳ γε προσήκει διὰ μὲν αὑτὸν τεθνάναι, διὰ δὲ τοὺς προγόνους πεπρᾶσθαι” .

PLATO, Legg. 949E (see above). PLAT. Soph. 222B: “εἰρῆσθαι”.

HDT.5.18: “νόμος . . . ἡμῖν γέ ἐστι . . . κεχωρίσθαι ἄνδρας γυναικῶν”.

BACCHYL. XIV, 1: “εὖ μὲν εἱμάρθαι παρὰ δαί[μοσιν ἀν] θρώποις ἄριστον”.

THEOGN. 181-2: “τεθνάμεναι, φίλε Κύρνε, πενιχρῷ βέλτερον ἀνδρί”, | “ἢ ζώειν χαλεπῇ τειρόμενον πενίῃ”.

HOM. Od. 3.209: “νῦν δὲ χρὴ τετλάμεν ἔμπης” (cf. Hymn. Merc. 494-5: “οὐδέ τί σε χρὴ . . . κεχολῶσθαι”).

[*] 319. b. With the article:

“τὸ δίκης . . . ἀφεῖσθαι μεγάλη δωρειὰ . . . ἦν”, DEM.23.185; To have been allowed to go free of punishment was a great boon.

DEM.23.185(see above).

AESCHIN.3.236: “τοῦ γὰρ ταῦτ᾽ ἐξεργασθῆναι καλῶς τὸ γεγενῆσθαι τούτων αἴτιον μείζω κατηγορίαν ἔχει”.

ISAE. 11.18: “οὐκ ἴσχυσε . . . τὸ προνενικηκέναι”.

XEN. Hiero, 8.6: “αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ τετιμῆσθαι . . . συνεπικοσμεῖ”.

HDT.5.6: “τὸ μὲν ἐστίχθαι εὐγενὲς κέκριται, τὸ δὲ ἄστικτον ἀγεννές”.

AR. Pl. 354-5: “τὸ δ᾽ αὖ δεδοικέναι” | “πρὸς ἀνδρὸς οὐδὲν ὑγιές ἐστ᾽ εἰργασμένου”.

EUR. Med. 122-3: “τὸ γὰρ εἰθίσθαι ζῆν ἐπ᾽ ἴσοισιν κρεῖσσον” .

SOPH. Ant. 437-8: “τὸ μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν ὲκ κακῶν πεφευγέναι ἥδιστον” .

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Infinitive as an object

[*] 320. PRESENT:

a. Without the article:

“νῦν αὐτὸν ἀδελφίζειν ἐπιχειρήσουσιν”, ISOC.19.30; Now they will undertake to “brother” him.

ISOC.5.87: “πολεμεῖν” (see 211). 19.30 (see above).

PLATO, Gorg. 474A: “οὐκ ἠπιστάμην ἐπιψηφίζειν”.

XEN. Hiero, 3.3: “τοὺς μοιχοὺς νομίζουσι πολλαὶ τῶν πόλεων νηποινεὶ ἀποκτείνειν”. Ibid. 4.11: “τρέφειν” (see 324).

HDT.3.83: “οὔτε . . . ἄρχειν οὔτε ἄρχεσθαι ἐθέλω”.

COM. Philem. 4.56.68: “αἰτῶ δ᾽ ὑγίειαν πρῶτον, εἶτ᾽ εὐπραξίαν”, | “τρίτον δὲ χαίρειν, εἶτ᾽ ὀφείλειν μηδενί”.

AR. fr. 2.1038: “ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ ἔμαθε ταῦτ᾽ ἐμοῦ πέμποντος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον” | “πίνειν, ἔπειτ᾽ ᾁδειν κακῶς, Συρακοσίαν τράπεζαν”.

SOPH. El. 345-6: “ἑλοῦ γε θάτεῤ, ἢ φρονεῖν κακῶς”, | “ἢ τῶν φίλων φρονοῦσα μὴ μνήμην ἔχειν”.

PIND. O. 3.36: “τοῖς γὰρ ἐπέτραπεν Οὐλυμπόνδ᾽ ἰὼν θαητὸν ἀγῶνα νέμειν”.

HOM. Il. 10.116: “σοὶ δ᾽ οἴῳ ἐπέτρεψεν πονέεσθαι”.

[*] 321. b. With the article:

“τὸ ἑλληνίζειν παρὰ τούτων ἔγωγε ἔμαθον”, PLATO , Alc. 1.111 A; I learned speaking Greek from them.

DEM. [33]DEM., 4: “τὸ . . . πλεῖν καταλέλυκα” (202). 57.18: “τὸ ξενίζειν αὐτοῦ κατηγορήκασιν”.

PLATO , Alc. 1.111 A (see above). Legg. 847 A: “τὸ ζῆν κτάσθω”. Theaet. 185 C: “οὐσίαν λέγεις καὶ τὸ μὴ εἶναι”.

XEN. R. L. 2.7: “ἐφῆκεν αὐτοῖς τὸ μηχανᾶσθαι τὴν τροφήν”.

AR. Pax, 454: “ἄφελε τὸ παίειν”.

“ τό γ᾽ εὐσεβὲς
μόνοις παρ᾽ ὑμῖν εὗρον ἀνθρώπων ἐγὼ
καὶ τοὐπιεικὲς καὶ τὸ μὴ ψευδοστομεῖν
”

SOPH. O. C. 1125-7:

.

[*] 322. AORIST:

a. Without the article:

“οὐκ ὤκνησε τὴν δέσποιναν γῆμαι”, DEM.45.74; He did not stick at marrying his mistress.

DEM.45.74(see above). [50]DEM., 57: “οὐκ ἤθελε παραλαβεῖν τὴν ναῦν”.

PLATO, Euthyph. 3D: “οὐ πάνυ ἐπιθυμῶ πειραθῆναι”.

XEN. Hell. 1.6.10: “οὐκ ἐδυνάμην ἐμαυτὸν πεῖσαι” (151).

COM. Pherecr. 2.280: “σὺ δὲ τράπεζαν εἴσφερε”, | “καὶ κύλικα κἀντραγεῖν”.

EUR. Alc. 669: “μάτην ἄρ᾽ οἱ γέροντες εὔχονται θανεῖν”.

PIND. O. 6.25-6: “κεῖναι γὰρ ἐξ ἀλλᾶν ὁδὸν ἁγεμονεῦσαι” | “ταύταν ἐπίστανται”.

HOM. Il. 1.18-9: “ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Ὀλύμπια δώματ᾽ ἔχοντες” | “ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, ἐὺ δ᾽ οἴκαδ᾽ ἱκέσθαι”.

[*] 323. b. With the article:

“τλήσομαι τὸ κατθανεῖν”, AESCHYL. Ag. 1290; I will endure the dying of the death.

DEM.18.93: “τὸ Χερρόνησον καὶ Βυζάντιον σῶσαι . . . ἡ προαίρεσις ἡ ἐμὴ καὶ ἡ πολιτεία διεπράξατο”.

ISAE. 1.42: “οὗτοι γὰρ τὸ ἀνελεῖν αὐτὰς” (= “τὰς διαθήκας”） “ἐκείνου βουλομένου διεκώλυσαν”.

ANTIPHON, 2 “γ” 6: “τὸ μὲν ἁλῶναι καὶ ἀποφυγεῖν . . . ἐν ἴσαις ἐλπίσι θῶμεν αὐτῷ εἶναι”.

PLATO, Euthyd. 275C: “θαρρεῖ τὸ ἀποκρίνασθαι”.

THUC.3.40.3: “ἐκ τοῦ εὖ εἰπεῖν τὸ παθεῖν εὖ ἀντιλήψονται”.

HDT.5.101: “τὸ δὲ μὴ λεηλατῆσαι . . . τὴν πόλιν ἔσχε τόδε”.

EUR. Alc. 694: “σὺ γοῦν ἀναιδῶς διεμάχου τὸ μὴ θανεῖν”.

AESCHYL. Ag. 1290 (see above).

PIND. O. 2.107: “τὸ λαλαγῆσαι θέλων”.⁴

[*] 324. PERFECT:

a. Without the article:

“ἀναγκάζονται στράτευμα τρέφειν ἢ ἀπολωλέναι”, XEN. Hiero, 4.11; They are compelled to keep an army or perish (be ruined).

DIN.1.112: “βούλεται . . . συγκεχύσθαι πάντα τὰ ἐν τῇ πόλει δίκαια”.

DEM.8.49: “καὶ τεθνάναι μᾶλλον ἂν ἢ ταῦτ᾽ εἰρηκέναι βουλοίμην”.

ISOC.5.29: “ἃ μὲν οὖν ἠβουλόμην μοι προειρῆσθαι ταῦτ᾽ ἐστίν”.

PLATO, Rpb. 351A-B: “πόλιν φαίης ἂν ἄδικον εἶναι καὶ ἄλλας πόλεις ἐπιχειρεῖν δουλοῦσθαι ἀδίκως καὶ καταδεδουλῶσθαι”. Ibid. 406 D: “ἀξιοῖ . . . ἐξεμέσαι τὸ νόσημα . . . ἢ καύσει ἢ τομῇ χρησάμενος ἀπηλλάχθαι”.

XEN. Hell. 5.4.7: “εἶπον τὴν θύραν κεκλεῖσθαι”. Hell. 6.2.15; “ἐκήρυξεν . . . πεπρᾶσθαι”. Hiero, 4.11 (see above).

COM. Pherecr. 2.262: “βουλοίμην γὰρ κἂν ἀκαλήφαις τὸν ἴσον χρόνον ἐστεφανῶσθαι”.

AESCHYL. Sept. 461-2: “ἵππους . . . θελούσας πρὸς πύλαις πεπτωκέναι”.

[*] 325. b. With the article:

“τὸ μὲν γὰρ πόλλ᾽ ἀπολωλεκέναι κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον τῆς ἡμετέρας ἀμελείας ἄν τις θείη δικαίως”, DEM.1.10; This (thing of) having suffered many losses during the war may justly be charged to our negligence.

DEM.1.10(see above). 23.7: “τοῦτο . . . Ἀριστοκράτης ἠδίκει, τὸ τοιούτου, οἷον ἐγώ φημι δείξειν τὸν Χαρίδημον ὄντα, τοσαύτην πεποιῆσθαι πρόνοιαν”.

[*] 326. Future with verbs of creation.

The future infinitive as the object of verbs of creation comes from the blending of the sphere of thought and the sphere of will. Some of the examples are much disputed.

“πῦρ ἐνήσειν διενοοῦντο ἐς τὰ ξύλινα παραφράγματα”, THUC.4.115.2; They intended (thought that they would) hurl fire into the wooden ramparts.

See further the Infinitive.

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Infinitive as the representative of the indicative

[*] 327. The infinitive as the representative of the indicative takes all the tenses. See Accusative and Infinitive.

Present (= Present Indicative):

“τὸν εὐτυχοῦντα καὶ φρονεῖν νομίζομεν”, COM. Men. 4.354.497; Him who is lucky we think to have sense withal. “φησὶν ἐπιλήσμων εἶναι”, PLATO, Prot. 336D; He says that he is forgetful.

Present (= Imperfect Indicative):

“ἀντιλέγειν φῂς τοῖς βουλομένοις ἡμᾶς ἀπολέσαι,” LYS.12.26 ; You declare that you undertook to oppose (a)nte/leges) those who wished to destroy us. “ἀποφηνάσθω μὴ μετέχειν,” DEM.19.117 ; Let him declare that he had no part in it.

Aorist (= Aorist Indicative):⁵

“οὐ φήσω ἡμᾶς ὀρθῶς ὁμολογῆσαι ἡνίκα ὡμολογήσαμεν”, PLATO, Theaet. 191A; I will not say that we were right to acknowledge (it) when we acknowledged it.

Perfect (= Perfect Indicative):

“φησὶ . . . ἐγκώμιον γεγραφέναι”, ISOC.10.14; He says that he has written an encomium.

Perfect (= Pluperfect Indicative):

“καὶ ὁδόν τε [λέγεται] οὔπω πολλὴν διηνύσθαι αὐτοῖς καὶ τὸν Μῆδον ἥκειν πάλιν”, XEN. Cyr. 1.4. 28; It is said that not much of their journey had been accomplished yet when the Mede returned.

Future (= Future Indicative):

“οὐκ ἔφη ὀμεῖσθαι”, XEN. Hell. 1.3.11; He said that he would not take an oath.

Future Perfect (= Future Perfect Indicative):

“ὑπολαμβάνω . . . μάτην ἐρραψῳδηκότας ἡμᾶς ἔσεσθαι”, DEM.25.2; I understand that we shall have delivered our screed to no purpose.

[*] 328. Articular infinitive as the representative of the indicative.

The infinitive as the representative of the indicative may take the article.

Present:

“ἓν μὲν οὖν ὁμολογεῖται τὸ κρατεῖν τῶν κληρονομιῶν τοὺς ἄρρενας”, DEM. [44]DEM., 12: One thing then is agreed on, namely, the males' holding (that the males hold) the inheritance.

Aorist.

“τὸ . . . ἀνοῖξαι τὴν θύραν οὐχ ὁμολογεῖ”, DEM. [42]DEM., 8: The opening of the door (the statement that he opened the door) he does not agree to.

Future:

“τὸ δὲ σὲ ἀπορήσειν, οὐκ οἶμαι” (sc. “μαντικῶς σε εἰρηκέναι”), PLATO, Conv. 198B; As to the statement that you will be at a loss, I don't think that you have said that in a spirit of prophecy.

DEM. [42]DEM., 8: “τὸ μὲν ἀφελεῖν τὸ σημεῖον ὁμολογεῖ, τὸ δ᾽ ἀνοῖξαι τὴν θύραν οὐχ ὁμολογεῖ”. [44]DEM., 12(see above). 57.63: “ἐκ . . . γὰρ τοῦ ὅρκου ἐξήλειψαν τὸ ψηφιεῖσθαι” (= “ψηφιοῦμαι”） “γνώμῃ τῇ δικαιοτάτῃ”.

PLATO, Conv. 198B (see above). Phaedo 61 D: “πῶς τοῦτο λέγεις . . . τὸ μὴ θεμιτὸν εἶναι ἑαυτὸν βιάζεσθαι”; Phaedr. 244 A: “τὸ” (the statement that） “μανίαν κακὸν εἶναι”. PLAT. Soph. 231C: “τὸ . . . μὴ ῥᾴδιον εἶναι”.

HDT.1.86: “τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος . . . τὸ μηδένα εἶναι τῶν ζωόντων ὄλβιον”.

“ ἦμεν δ᾽ ἕτοιμοι . . . θεοὺς ὁρκωμοτεῖν
τὸ μήτε δρᾶσαι μήτε τῳ ξυνειδέναι
τὸ πρᾶγμα βουλεύσαντι
”

SOPH. Ant. 264-7:

.

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Tenses of the Participle

[*] 329. Participle as a verbal adjective

The participle as a verbal adjective is chiefly used in the present, aorist, and perfect tenses. The temporal relation is that of the kind of time.⁶ The sphere of time depends on the context.

---

Present participle

[*] 330. Contemporaneous action.

The present participle is generally used of contemporaneous action, either total or partial.

“ἐμὲ . . . λέγεις τὸν νεώτατον λέγων,” PLATO, Parmen. 137C ; You mean me when you speak of the youngest. “δουλεύουσί γε μαστιγούμενοι καὶ σφαττόμενοι,” DEM.9.66 ; They lead the lives of slaves, being scourged and butchered. “λόγους προσφέρων ἀπώλεσεν αὐτήν,” LYS. 1.8 ; (By) making proposals he ruined her.

[*] 331. Leading Verb Present:

DEM.9.66(see above).

PLATO, Parmen. 137C (see above).

EUR. Andr. 373: “ἀνδρὸς δ᾽ ἁμαρτάνουσ᾽ ἁμαρτάνει βίου” (coincident action), A woman failing of a husband fails of life.

[*] 332. Leading Verb Imperfect:

DEM.54.9: “ᾖδε . . . τοὺς ἀλεκτρυόνας μιμούμενος τοὺς νενικηκότας” (coincident action).

PLATO, Meno 90 C: “πέμποντες τόνδε καλῶς ἂν ἐ:πέμπομεν” (coincident action).

HDT.9.21: “οἱ Μεγαρέες πιεζόμενοι ῾φινδινγ τηεμσελϝες πινξηεδ̓ ἔπεμπον ἐπὶ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων κήρυκα” .

[*] 333. Leading Verb Future:

DEM.14.12: “οὐδὲν οὖν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ ῥαψῳδήσουσιν οἱ πρέσβεις περιιόντες” .

XEN. Hiero, 11.15: “εὐδαιμονῶν γὰρ οὐ φθονηθήσει” (174).

HDT.4.98: “ταῦτα δὲ ποιεῦντες ἐμοὶ μεγάλως χαριεῖσθε” (coincident action).

[*] 334. Leading Verb Aorist:

LYS. 1.8 (see above).

XEN. Hell. 7.5.9: “ὁρῶν . . . τὸν . . . χρόνον προβαίνοντα ἐνόμισε πρακτέον τι εἶναι” .

HDT.1.68: “ὀρύσσων ἐπέτυχον σορῷ ἑπταπήχεϊ” .

[*] 335. Leading Verb Perfect:

DEM.8.34: “νῦν δὲ δημαγωγοῦντες ὑμᾶς καὶ χαριζόμενοι καθ᾽ ὑπερβολήν, οὕτω διατεθήκασιν ὥστε κτἑ” .

[*] 336. Leading Verb Pluperfect:

XEN. Hell. 6.5.21: “δῃοῦντι τὴν χώραν οὐδεὶς ἠθελήκει μάχεσθαι” .

AR. Ach. 10: “᾿κεχήνη προσδοκῶν τὸν Αἰσχύλον” .

[*] 337. Prior action.

The action of the present participle is sometimes prior to that of the leading verb. An adverb of time often makes the relation plain.

“οἱ Κύρειοι πρόσθεν σὺν ἡμῖν ταττόμενοι νῦν ἀφεστήκασιν,” XEN. An. 3.2.17 ; The troops of Cyrus, who were formerly marshalled with us, have now deserted us.

DEM.18.61: “καὶ πρότερον κακῶς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἔχοντας πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς καὶ στασιαστικῶς, ἔτι χεῖρον διέθηκε” .

PLATO, Rpb. 518D: “αἱ . . . ἄλλαι ἀρεταὶ καλούμεναι ψυχῆς κινδυνεύουσιν . . . οὐκ ἐνοῦσαι πρότερον ὕστερον ἐμποιεῖσθαι” .

HDT.8.62: “σημαίνων δὲ ταῦτα τῷ λόγῳ διέβαινε ἐς Εὐρυβιάδην, λέγων μᾶλλον ἐπεστραμμένα” . 9.27: “καὶ γὰρ ἂν χρηστοὶ τότε ἐόντες ὡυτοὶ νῦν ἂν εἶεν ἀμείνονες.”

AR. Av. 75: “πρότερον ἄνθρωπός ποτ᾽ ὤν” .

SOPH. Ant. 1192: “ἐγώ, φίλη δέσποινα, καὶ παρὼν ἐρῶ” .

“ τὸ πρὶν ἐὼν κάλλιστος, ἐπὴν παραμείψεται ὥρη,
οὐδὲ πατὴρ παισὶν τίμιος οὔτε φίλοις
”

MIMNERM. 3:

.

HOM. Od. 13.401: “κνυζώσω δέ τοι ὄσσε πάρος περικαλλἔ ἐόντε” .

[*] 338. Subsequent action.

The present participle may imply conative action, and thus simulate a future (see 193). So “φέρων” and “ἄγων” are used almost to the exclusion of “οἴσων” and “ἄξων”.

“ἡ δὲ Πάραλος εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας [ἀπέπλευσε] ἀπαγγέλλουσα τὰ γεγονότα,” XEN. Hell. 2.1.29 ; The Paralos sailed off to Athens with a report of (= to report) what had happened.

ANDOC. 1.104-5: “ἥκουσι . . . οἱ μὲν εἰσόμενοι . . . οἱ δὲ ἀποπειρώμενοι” .

AR. Ach. 178: “ἐγὼ μὲν δεῦρό σοι σπονδὰς φέρων ἔσπευδον” .

EUR. Suppl. 120: “τούτους θανόντας ἦλθον ἐξαιτῶν πόλιν” .

“ κατέβαν τὰν ποντίαν
ὑμνέων παῖδ᾽ Ἀφροδίτας
”

PIND. O. 7.13-4:

.

“ ἱκόμαν
οἴκαδ᾽, ἀρχὰν ἀγκομίζων
”

P. 4.105-6:

.⁷

“ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων
λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα φέρων τ᾽ ἀπερείσἰ ἄποινα
”

HOM. Il. 1.371-2:

. (Here both resemblance and difference between present and future are manifest.⁸) Compare Il. 1.431: “ἵκανεν ἄγων” with ibid. 442-3: “πρό μ᾽ ἔπεμψεν . . . παῖδα . . . ἀγέμεν” .

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Aorist participle

[*] 339. The action of the aorist participle is ordinarily prior, but it may be coincident, so especially when the leading verb is aorist or future.

“ἀναβάντες εἰς τὸ ὑπερῷον ἐδειπνοῦμεν,” LYS. 1.22 ; Going up to the second story, we supped. “τὸ σῶμα σώσας τοὺς λόγους σώσεις ἐμοί,” EUR. I. T. 765 ; Saving thy body thou wilt save my words. “ἀπώλεσας τὸν οἶνον ἐπιχέας ὕδωρ,” TRAG. Aristias, fr. 4 ; You spoiled the wine by adding water.

[*] 340. Leading Verb Present:

HDT.6.37: “πίτυς . . . ἐκκοπεῖσα βλαστὸν οὐδένα μετίει” (134).

COM. Men.4.340.10: “ἀχάριστος ὅστις εὖ παθὼν ἀμνημονεῖ”.

[*] 341. Leading Verb Imperfect:

LYS. 1.22 (see above). Ibid. 24: “παραλαβὼν δ᾽ ὡς οἷόν τε ἦν πλείστους . . . ἐβάδιζον” .

THUC.6.69.1: “ἀναλαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα εὐθὺς ἀντεπῇσαν” (206).

EUR. I. T. 27: “μεταρσία ληφθεῖσ᾽ ἐκαινόμην ξίφει” .

[*] 342. Leading Verb Future: Prior Action

DEM.14.31: “εἰς Φρυγίαν ἐλθὼν δουλεύσει;”

HDT.2.5: “κατεὶς καταπειρητηρίην πηλόν τε ἀνοίσεις κτἑ” . (258).

[*] 343. Leading Verb Future: Coincident Action:

EUR. I. T. 765 (see 339). Med. 383: “θανοῦσα θήσω τοῖς ἐμοῖς ἐχθροῖς γέλων” .

[*] 344. Leading Verb Aorist: Prior Action

DEM.54.20: “ὑγιὴς ἐξελθὼν φοράδην ἦλθον οἴκαδε” .

LYS.1.27: “πληγεὶς κατέπεσεν εὐθύς” , He was stabbed and fell at once.

PLATO, Euthyd. 273C: “εἰπὼν οὖν ταῦτα κατεφρονήθην ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῖν” (174).

[*] 345. Leading Verb Aorist: Coincident Action:On the “adverbial” group with fqa/nw, lanqa/nw, tugxa/nw, see Participle and A. J. P. xii (1891) 76-79.

ISOC.19.9: “Θράσυλλος . . . τούτους μόνους παῖδας γνησίους καταλιπὼν . . . τὸν βίον ἐτελεύτησεν” .

DEM.18.208: “οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἡμάρτετε ... τὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἁπάντων ἐλευθερίας καὶ σωτηρίας κίνδυνον ἀράμενοι” .

ISAE. 7.33: “τί βέλτιον ἂν ἔπραξεν ἢ ταῦτα βουλευσάμενος ἅπερ ἐποίησεν;”

PLATO, Theaet. 185E: “εὖ ἐποίησάς με μάλα συχνοῦ λόγου ἀπαλλάξας” .

XEN. Cyr. 1.4.13: “καλῶς . . . ἐποίησας προειπών” . Ibid. 7.5.48: “καλῶς . . . ἐποίησας . . . ἄρξας τοῦ λόγου” .

HDT.3.38: “ὀρθῶς μοι δοκέει Πίνδαρος ποιῆσαι νόμον πάντων βασιλέα φήσας εἶναι” . 5.24: “εὖ . . . ἐποίησας ἀπικόμενος” .

AR. Pax, 630-1: “λίθον ἐμβαλόντες ἑξμέδιμνον κυψέλην ἀπώλεσαν” .

TRAG. Aristias, (Sat. Dr.) fr. 4 (see 339).

“ στάδιον κρατήσας
Κέον εὐκλέϊξας
”

BACCHYL. VI 15:

. BACCHYL. X 15: “ἀνδησάμενος . . . θῆκας” .

PIND. I.5.51: “εἶπέν τε φωνήσαις ἅτε μάντις ἀνήρ” .

HOM. Il. 1.434: “ἱστὸν δ᾽ ἱστοδόκῃ πέλασαν προτόνοισιν ὑφέντες” .

[*] 346. Leading Verb Perfect:

DEM.36.18: “τὰ γράμμαθ᾽ ἡ μήτηρ ἠφάνικεν πεισθεῖς᾿ ὑπὸ τούτου” .

[*] 347. Leading Verb Pluperfect:

DEM.36.8: “ὁ Πασίων ἐτετελευτήκει ταῦτα διαθέμενος” .

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Perfect participle

[*] 348. The perfect participle expresses completion.

Leading Verb Present:

DEM.24.6: “τί δή ποτ᾽ ἐγὼ μετρίως . . . τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον βεβιωκώς, νῦν ἐν ἀγῶσι καὶ γραφαῖς δημοσίαις ἐξετάζομαι” .

[*] 349. Leading Verb Imperfect:

DEM.14.36: “κοινὸν ἐχθρὸν ἐκεῖνον ὑπειληφότες ὡμονόουν ἀλλήλοις” . 23.127: “Κότυν εὐθὺς ἀπεκτονὼς οὐκ ἀσφαλὲς ἡγεῖτ᾽ ἀπελθεῖν ὅποι τύχοι” .

[*] 350. Leading Verb Aorist:

DEM.37.10: “ἀφικόμην σχεδόν τι πάντ᾽ ἀπολωλεκὼς ὅς᾿ ἔχων ἐξέπλευσα” .

[*] 351. Leading Verb Perfect:

DEM.55.23: “οὐδὲν ἀπολωλεκὼς . . . τηλικαύτην μοι δίκην εἴληχε” .

[*] 352. Leading Verb Future:

DEM.28.16: “τὰ χρήματα πάντ᾽ ἀπεστερηκὼς . . . ἐλεεῖσθαι νῦν ὑφ̓ ὑμῶν ἀξιώσει” .

[*] 353. Leading Verb Pluperfect:

DEM.1.8: “ἥκομεν ῟ πλυπφ.᾿ Εὐβοεῦσιν βεβοηθηκότες” , We had returned from having reinforced the Euboeans.

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Participle as the representative of the indicative

[*] 354. The participle as the representative of the indicative takes all the tenses, the future as well as the present, the perfect, and the aorist.

The participle represents the indicative only after verbs of intellectual perception and those that are causative of the same. For actual perception, see Object Sentences.

[*] 355. Present participle.

The present participle represents durative action, regularly contemporaneous, occasionally prior.

Contemporaneous Action after a Principal Tense = Present Indicative:

DEM.29.25: “βούλομαι . . . ἐξελέγξαι . . . αὐτὸν ψευδόμενον” (= “ὅτι ψεύδεται”), I wish to prove him to be a liar, that he is a liar.

[*] 356. Contemporaneous Action after an Historical Tense = Imperfect Indicative:

DEM. [34] 13: “ᾐσθόμην αὐτὸν διακρουόμενόν με” (= “ὅτι διεκρούετό με”, or, by repraesentatio, “ὅτι διακρούεταί με”), I perceived that he was trying to cheat me.

[*] 357. Prior Action = Imperfect Indicative:

“οἶδά σε λέγοντα” (= “ὅτι ἔλεγες”), XEN. Cyr. 1.6.6 ; I know that you used to say.

DEM.21.12: “Μειδίας δ᾽ ἐν αὐταῖς ταύταις ταῖς ἡμέραις ἄξια τοῦ δοῦναι τὴν ἐσχάτην δίκην ποιῶν ῟ “ὅτι ἐποίει”） δειχθήσεται” .

LYS.10.4: “φαίνομαι οὖν τρισκαιδεκέτης ὢν ὅτε ὁ πατὴρ ὑπὸ τῶν τριάκοντα ἀπέθνῃσκε” .

XEN. Cyr. 1.2.2: “φύσιν . . . τῆς μορφῆς καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς τοιαύτην ἔχων διαμνημονεύεται” . Ibid. 1.6.6 (see above).

HDT.6.121: “φαἰνονται μισοτύραννοι ἐόντες” .

[*] 358. AORIST PARTICIPLE = Aorist Indicative.

“εὑρήσετ᾽ αὐτὸν τὴν . . . πόλιν διὰ Λακεδαιμονίων ἀσθενῆ ποιήσαντα,” DEM.15.24 ; You will find that he made the city weak by means of the Lacedaemonians.

[*] 359. PERFECT PARTICIPLE = Perfect Indicative.

“οἶδά σε . . . ἐγὼ καὶ ἰδιώτην γεγενημένον καὶ νῦν τύραννον ὄντα,” XEN. Hiero, 1.2 ; I know that you have been a private citizen and are now an absolute ruler.

[*] 360. FUTURE PARTICIPLE = Future Indicative.

“σαφῶς . . . ᾔδει ὁλωσόμενος,” ANTIPHON, 2 a 8 ; He knew clearly that he would be convicted.

THUC.3.67.1: “ἵνα ὑμεῖς . . . εἰδῆτε δικαίως αὐτῶν καταγνωσόμενοι” .

HDT.5.42: “εὖ . . . ἐπίστατο κατ᾽ ἀνδραγαθίην αὐτὸς σχήσων τὴν βασιληίην” .

SOPH. Ai. 1155: “ἴσθι πημανούμενος” .

On the Future Participle after Verbs of Motion, see Index.