[*] 23.1. ancipiti: i.e. facing in both directions. — pugnatum est: impers. expressions should not be translated literally; here,a contest went on, the fighting continued, or something of the kind. [*] 23.3. alteri: the Helvetians; alteri: the Boii, etc. [*] 23.4. nam: in reference to the previous sentence; i.e. they did not flee, but retired in good order, for, etc. [*] 23.5. proelio: abl. of time. — ab hora septima: i.e. from a little past 1 P.M.; sunset was about eight, so that each of the twelve daylight hours was about an hour and a quarter of our time. In the Roman reckoning an hour was one-twelfth of the time, whether long or short, between sunrise and sunset, and varied from about forty-five minutes to an hour and a quarter. — pugnatum sit: cf. note on l. 1. For mood, cf. sint, 12 18. [*] 24.1. aversum hostem = a fleeing enemy. — ad multam noctem, till late in the night. [*] 24.2. pro vallo, as a barricade. [*] 24.3. e loco superiore, from vantage-ground, i.e. the height of the carts, etc. [*] 24.4. coniciebant, subiciebant, hurled （from above）, thrust （from below）. For the form of these words, see § 6. d (II. b. 2); B. 9. 3; H. 58.6 (36. 4).; H-B. 30. 1 — carros redasque: the former a two-wheeled cart, the latter a four-wheeled wagon. See Fig. 55. [*] 24.5. mataras ac tragulas: these were peculiar forms of pike or lance used by the western nations of Europe, not yet certainly identified. [*] 24.6. impedimentis castrisque: § 410 (249); B. 218. 1; G. 407; H. 477 (421. 1); H-B. 429 [*] 24.7. potiti sunt: notice the use of tenses in the above passage. The narrative proceeds as far as pugnatum est （histor. perfect）, then, as if answering a question why the fight continued thus, Caesar gives a description of the situation with pluperfect and imperfects. 'The Gauls had made a rampart of their carts and from this they kept discharging missiles and using other means of defence. ' Then the narrative is resumed in the clause with potiti sunt: cf. note on 3 5. — captus est: observe that the agreement is with the nearer subject; see § 317. c (205. d); H-B. 255. 2; G. 285. 1; H. 392 (463. 1); H-B. 329. 2 [*] 24.10. Lingonum: i.e. the southern part of Champagne, towards the north; see map of Gaul, Fig. 2. The chief town of that region, now Langres, is about ninety miles from Mt. Beuvray. It is very likely, however, that they reached the Lingones farther west. Napoleon III puts the end of their flight at Tonnerre sixty miles west of Langres. [*] 24.11. propter, etc.: gives the reason of morati. — cum … potuissent: here the description of the situation （see notes on 6 14, 7 17, 11 7） is so clearly the cause of the main action that we may translate cum since and refer the subjv. to cum causal （cf. cum praestarent, 2 15; cum inflexisset, 22 8）. [*] 24.13. Lingonas: Greek form of the acc. common in these names of tribes; § 81, 82 (63. f., 64); B. 47.3; G. 66. 4; H. 109. 5 (68); H-B. 95. [*] 24.14. qui si iuvissent = for if they should, etc.; the direct would be si iuveritis. — se, etc. = se （Lingonas） eodem loco habiturum （esse） quo Helvetios （haberet）.
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BOOK FIRST. — B.C. 58.
book 2
BOOK THIRD. — B.C. 56.
BOOK FOURTH. — B.C. 55.
BOOK FIFTH.—B.C. 54.
BOOK VI. BOOK SIXTH.—B.C. 53.
BOOK SEVENTH.—B.C. 52.
Caesar's Gallic War. J. B. Greenough, Benjamin L. D'Ooge and M. Grant Daniell. Boston. Ginn and Company. 1898.
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- A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge, G. L. Kittredge, J. B. Greenough, Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, 317
- A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge, G. L. Kittredge, J. B. Greenough, Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, 410
- A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge, G. L. Kittredge, J. B. Greenough, Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, 6
- A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge, G. L. Kittredge, J. B. Greenough, Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, 81
- Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek, 285
- Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek, 407
- Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek, 66
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