BOOK THIRD. — B.C. 56.
ALPINE CAMPAIGN. — The higher valleys of the Alps were inhabited by tribes who got a scanty living by working in mines, and often waylaid and plundered expeditions on the march. The two legions sent by Caesar under Q. Pedius （Bk. ii. ch. 2） had been attacked by these predatory people while passing into the valley of the Rhone above the Lake Geneva; hence this expedition, sent in the fall of 57, which was intended to strike terror into the mountain tribes. READING REFERENCES ON CAESAR'S THIRD CAMPAIGN. Dodge's Caesar, chap. 9. Fowler's Julius Caesar, chap. II. Froude's Caesar, chap. 16. Holmes's Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, chap. 4. Merivale's Hist. of Rome, Vol. I. pp. 289-297. Mommsen's Hist. of Rome, Vol. IV. pp. 304-309. Napoleon's Caesar, Vol. II. chap. 6. Trollope's Caesar, chap. 4.[*] 74.1. cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar: cf. this with the beginning of the second book, cum esset Caesar in, etc. There the verb is made emphatic because the place where he was has been already named, and his being absent is the most important idea. Here he is going to speak about a road to Italy across the Alps. Hence his destination becomes important and so takes the first place. If this were the first book, it would begin with Caesar, the principal personage in the narrative. If his going away were the main thing, it would begin with proficisceretur. But as it is, the route across, and so his destination, is here the main thing. Hence instantly the Latin order corresponds to the thought, and we have the form here presented. — proficisceretur: the familiar use of the subjv. with cum in descriptive clauses; cf. 11 7, 62 13. — Galbam: this officer was one of the assassins of Caesar, his oId general. The emperor Galba was his great-grandson. [*] 74.3. qui a finibus, etc.: Geneva seems to have been at the northeast corner of the Allobroges' territory. Between that point and the entrance of the Rhone must have been the country of the Nantuates. On the other side of the Rhone were the Seduni and Veragri. See maps, Figs. 6, 46. [*] 74.5. iter per Alpīs: the pass of the Great St. Bernard, which reaches the Rhone valley at Martigny （the ancient Octodurus）, at the great bend of the river. This was the shortest route across the Alps at this period. Hannibal is said to have crossed by the Little St. Bernard, pass by Mont Genèvre was also in use. — magno cum periculo, but only with great danger, referring probably rather to the savage tribes than to the dangers of the way. [*] 74.6. magnis portoriis, heavy transit-duties; portoriis and periculo are ablatives of manner; for meaning,see note on 15 25. — mercatores: see note on 1 8. [*] 74.7. arbitraretur: informal indir. disc. The form of the original would be arbitraris with an imperat. in the conclusion, which is absorbed in permisit and the following uti-clause. See note on 32 21. [*] 74.8. hiemandi causa: cf. 39 26, 56 15. [*] 74.9. secundis … factis, etc.: see notes on 15 19, 49 6 （last note）. [*] 74.15. hic, eius: both refer to vicus. — flumine, the Dranse. [*] 74.17. concessit, etc.: he seems to have deprived the natives of one half of their village to accommodate his troops, and to have left the rest to them.
[*] 75.3. concesserat: indict because not part of the indir. disc.; cf. qui … appellantur, 52 5, and note. [*] 75.4. montīs: not the higher ranges, but the lower heights directly upon the valley. [*] 75.5. id, this, in apposition with ut … caperent; cf. note on 4 17. [*] 75.8. neque eam plenissimam, etc., and that not entirely full. The twelfth legion had suffered severely in the battle on the Sambre （Bk. ii. ch. 25）, and was probably already below the normal strength before the detachments were sent off. — detractis: see 74 11. [*] 75.9. commeatūs … causa: gerundive of purpose; cf. gerund, 74 8. [*] 75.10. despiciebant, existimabant, etc.: notice the imperfects describing the situation. See note on 3 5. [*] 75.11. cum ipsi … decurrerent, when they should charge down from the hills upon the valley. The imperf. subjv. of indir. disc. with cum is here equivalent to the fut. indict of dir. disc. [*] 75.13. accedebat quod, and besides （lit. it was added that）. The subject of accedebat is the clause quod … dolebant; cf. 60 25. [*] 76.2. Romanos … adiungere: indir. disc. after persuasum habebat = they had persuaded themselves （lit. they had it persuaded to themselves）. With persuasum habebant cf. coactum habebat,13 4, compertum habere, 40 20, habere explorata, 51 8, and notes.
[*] 76.6. hibernorum: see chapter on military affairs, V. In the present case, Galba saved labor by appropriating a part of the Gallic buildings without much ceremony; but he proceeded to lay out the usual fortifications （munitiones）. [*] 76.7. perfectae: referring both to opus and munitiones, but agreeing with the nearer; cf. 24 7. [*] 76.10. consilio: i.e. of tribunes, cavalry officers, and first centurions. [*] 76.11. quo in consilio: cf. 25 5, 58 9, and notes. [*] 76.14. subsidio veniri, that any one should come to their aid: veniri is impers., sc. posset implied in possent; subsidio is dat. of service or end for which. [*] 76.15. non nullae sententiae, several opinions （or votes） given by the officers in council. [*] 76.18. maiori … placuit, it was determined by the majority. — hoc … defendere, to reserve this course for the extremity, and meanwhile, etc.
[*] 76.21. rebus … administrandis: dat. of the gerundive, expressing purpose; an unusual construction, the acc. with ad or in or the gen. with causa being much more common. Why is constituissent in the subjv. ? [*] 76.23. decurrere, conicere, repugnare, mittere, occurrere, ferre, superari: histor. infinitives, describing the scene and implying incessant action; cf.13 18, 70 17, and notes. [*] 76.24. gaesa: Gallic javelins, of unknown form. — integris viribus （abl. abs.）, as long as their strength was unimpaired. [*] 76.27. eo: adv. — occurrere, ran to meet the danger. [*] 76.29. alii, while others. — quarum rerum, things of which; cf. 30 19, 38 19, 62 20, and notes. The gen. is part. with nihil. [*] 77.1. non modo … sed ne … quidem, not only not, but not even, etc.; we should expect another negative after modo, but the Latin regularly omits it where both parts have the same predicate. Note the emphasis on saucio. [*] 77.3. sui recipiendi: cf. 40 15, and note.
[*] 77.5. cum … pugnaretur, when the fight had been [and was still] going on （§ 471. b (277. b); B. 260. 4; G. 234; H. 535 (469. ii. 2); H-B. 485）. [*] 77.7. languidioribus nostris: abl. abs., expressing cause. [*] 77.9. Baculus: see 67 1, and note. [*] 77.13. unam: note the emphasis, only one. [*] 77.14. experirentur: note that, as usual, the histor. pres. docent has the effect of a secondary tense on the dependent verb. [*] 77.15. intermitterent: a command in indir. disc., following certiores facit in the sense of instructs. [*] 77.16. tela … exciperent: i.e. the Romans were to gather up the spent weapons to use them against the enemy, as their weapons were almost exhausted （l. 6）.
[*] 77.19. quod = id quod: cf. 73 12. [*] 77.20. cognoscendi facultatem, opportunity of finding out. — sui conligendi, of collecting their wits: observe that sui is plural in meaning ; cf. sui recipiendi, line 3 above, and note. [*] 77.23. circumventos interficiunt, they surround and kill. — ex milibus: for part. gen. after parse. [*] 77.27. armis: abl. of separation. [*] 77.28. exutis: agreeing with copiis （§ 364 (225. d); B. 187. i. a; G. 348; H. 462 (414. 1); H-B. 408. 3. ftn. 2）, i.e. in their flight they threw their arms away. Of course the Romans did not catch them and strip off their arms. [*] 77.29. fortunam temptare: cf. English 'to tempt Providence.' — alio consilio … aliis rebus videbat, remembered that he had come with one design, and saw that he had met a different state of things.
NAVAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI. — The Veneti inhabited the peninsula of Aremorica called Bretagne, Brittany, or Little Britain, since the emigration from Great Britain to escape the Saxon invasion. It has always been the home of the hardiest, most independent, and most strongly characterized of all the Gallic populations. Its scenery is wild and secluded, the character of its coast being clearly given in Caesar's narrative. Its language remains Celtic to this day. No one of Caesar's campaigns shows more strikingly his boldness and fertility of resource than this. [*] 78.8. Germanis: i.e. under Ariovistus. It will be noticed that the geographical order, and not the order of events, is followed in this summary. Of the Alpine tribes the Seduni are mentioned as the most important. The passage in brackets makes sense, and may be translated. [*] 78.10. Illyricum: part of Caesar's province. [*] 78.12. Crassus: see 46 24-27, 72 24 ff.; for force of adulescens, see note on 46 25. [*] 78.13. mare: following proximus with the construction of prope （§ 432. a (261. a); B. 141. 3; G. 359. N. 1; H. 435. 2 (391. 2); H-B. 380. b）. [*] 78.14. praefectos, officers of cavalry and auxiliaries. [*] 78.15. complurīs goes with civitatīs.
[*] 78.19. huius civitatis: i.e. the Veneti, on the southern coast of Brittany, the modern Morbihan. [*] 78.20. orae: part. gen. — regionum: added to describe and limit orae. [*] 78.21. Britanniam: at this time an important Celtic country, having close commercial and social relations with the mainland. Doubtless a large part of the shipping trade was in the hands of the Veneti and their allies, whose commerce extended from Ireland to Spain. — consuerunt, are accustomed （§ 476 (279. e); B. 262. A; G. 236. R.; H. 299. 2 (297. i. 2); H-B. 487）; cf. 59 14. [*] 78.23. in magno … aperti: i.e. on a sea exposed to great and violent storms. [*] 78.24. omnīs … habent vectigalīs: i.e. levy tolls upon them all; vectigalīs is in pred. app. with omnīs. [*] 78.28. subita … consilia: this national characteristic of the Gauls is often alluded to by Caesar and other Roman historians. [*] 79.5. quam acceperint: § 592 (341); B. 323; G. 628; H. 643 (524); H-B. 535. 1. a. [*] 79.6. quam perferre, than to endure, following the comparative contained in malint. [*] 79.9. remittat: subjv. expressing a command in indir. disc., depending on the message implied in legationem mittunt. The dir. disc. would be "si vis," etc., "remitte."
[*] 79.11. aberat longius, was too far off, i.e. to take command at once in person. — naves longas, galleys. See chapter on military affairs, IX, and Figs. 48, 51. The Gallic ships, it seems, used sails alone, without oars （see 84 25-28）. [*] 79.12. Ligeri: the Loire, on the banks of which Crassus was wintering. — institui, to be organized, i.e. in gangs for the several galleys. [*] 80.1. cum primum: the first moment when （lit. when first）. Caesar has spent the winter as usual in Cisalpine Gaul. He reached his army perhaps in April or early in May. [*] 80.3. [certiores facti]: omit in translation. [*] 80.4. admisissent: indir. quest. — legatos … coniectos （the specific act）: in app. with facinus, but the construction is. determined by intellegebant; see note on 4 17; legatos: they were hardly such in the sense of international law. They were only Caesar's legati or lieutenants. [*] 80.5. quod nomen: cf. quarum rerum, 76 29, and note. [*] 80.8. hoc: abl. of degree of difference, approaching the idea of cause. [*] 80.9. pedestria itinera, etc., approaches by land. [*] 80.10. concisa, impeditam: with esse. They depend upon sciebant. [*] 80.11. inscientiam: i.e. the Romans' lack of acquaintance. —neque … confidebant, and they trusted that our armies could not, etc. Notice that connective and negative have an attraction for each other, though we separate them. [*] 80.13. ut … acciderent, etc.: granting that, etc.: ut here introduces a concessive clause. This is the only instance in the "Gallic War." Note that when so used the subjv. mood follows （§ 440 (266. c); B. 278; G. 608; H. 586. ii (515. iii); H-B. 532. 2. b）. [*] 81.1. posse and the following infinitives depend upon perspiciebant, line 18. [*] 81.3. gesturi essent: subjv. of ind. disc. Observe the first perphrastic conj. referring to future time. [*] 81.4. longe aliam … atque, very different … from; cf. aliter ac, 62 6. — concluso: i.e. like the Mediterranean, where there is no tide, and which is quiet as compared with the Atlantic. [*] 81.9. socios: pred. apposition ; cf. vectigalis, 78 25. — Osismos, etc.: the coast tribes as far as Flanders. The name Lexovii remains in Lisieux; Namnetes in Nantes; Diablintres in Jablins.
[*] 81.14. iniuria retentorum equitum, the wrong done by detaining the knights （§ 497 (292. a); B. 337. 5; G. 664. R. 2; H. 636. 4 (549. 5, N. 2); H-B. 608. 2）. — rebellio, renewal of hostilities （not rebellion）. [*] 81.16. ne … arbitrarentur: a new rising was threatened by the Belgians, while the maritime tribes, it is said, were already fearful of a Roman attempt upon Britain. （Observe that this purpose clause is under the same construction as the nominatives iniuriae, defectio, etc., which express other reasons for Caesar's action, and are all in apposition with multa.） [*] 81.17. idem: subj. of licere. [*] 81.19. excitari: the pres. infin. here corresponds to the pres. of a general truth ; while odisse answers to oderunt taken as a pres., all men naturally hate. [*] 81.20. priusquam … conspirarent: see note on 38 27.
[*] 81.24. flumini: dat. with proximis, but cf. 78 13. [*] 81.25. adeat: after mandat, which expresses a command; cf. 6 10 and note; § 565. a (331. f. R.); B. 295. 8; G. 546. R. 2 ; H. 565. 4 (499. 2); H-B. 502. 3. a. [*] 81.26. auxilio: dat. of service or end for which. § arcessiti [esse] dicebantur, were reported to have been invited. [*] 82.2. Crassum: cf. 78 12, and note. [*] 82.3. Aquitaniam: in southwest Gaul （see 2 7-10）. These peoples were of different race and language from the other Gauls, and took little interest in their affairs, not even joining in the great revolt described in Book vii. [*] 82.6. Venellos, etc.: in Normandy. [*] 82.7. distinendam: cf. pontem faciendum curat, 11 5, and note. — Brutum: afterwards one of the conspirators against Caesar, with the more celebrated Marcus Brutus. [*] 82.8. Pictonibus, Santonis: on the coast south of the Loire （Poitou and Saintonge）.
[*] 82.12. eius modi … ut, of such sort that. [*] 82.13. lingulis: some of these narrow tongues of land run out to sea several miles. [*] 82.14. cum … incitavisset: i.e. at high tide. — [bis]: apparently an error of the MSS. Some editors read XXIV instead of XII; others refer it to the general ignorance or carelessness of ancient writers. [*] 82.15. quod … adflictarentur: subjv. as an integral part of the result clause. [*] 82.16. minuente, at the ebb: intransitive. [*] 82.17. utraque re, in either case. [*] 82.18. superati, agreeing with the subj. of coeperant. [*] 82.19. his （aggere ac molibus） … adaequatis, when these were brought level with the walls. General von Göler explains the Roman works as follows: "A dike was extended along each side of the isthmus in the direction of the town. While these were building, of course with each rise of the tide the space within would be overflowed. When the dikes were nearly completed, the Romans waited until the ebb had carried off the water, and then rapidly pushed their works to completion before the next turn of the tide. Thus the sea was shut out and the isthmus left dry. Meanwhile the dikes themselves, being raised to the height of the walls, served the purpose each of an agger for approach to the town." [*] 82.23. haec faciebant, this they continued to do, repeated action. [*] 82.24. partem: duration of time. [*] 82.25. summa: with difficultas; note the emphasis. — vasto mari, etc.: in each of these points the ocean is contrasted with the sheltered and tideless waters of the Mediterranean. The words may be called abl. abs., but they probably go back to the locative abl.; see foot-note under § 419 (255) ftn.; cf. H-B. 421. 4.
[*] 82.28. namque: introduces the reason for the fewer troubles of the Veneti, '（but the Veneti had less trouble） for.' — ipsorum, their own. [*] 82.29. aliquanto: abl. of degree of difference. [*] 83.1. navium: depending on carinae understood. — quo … possent: cf. 7 15, 60 27. [*] 83.2. atque item puppes, and the sterns too: accommodatae （being adapted） standing as an additional predicate. [*] 83.4. quamvis: from quivis. [*] 83.5. transtra, etc., the cross benches （for the rowers） of timbers a foot thick, fastened with iron bolts the thickness of a [man's] thumb. [*] 83.7. pelles: the Romans used sails made of flax, the Veneti of skins untanned （pelles） or tanned （alutae）. [*] 83.11. tanta onera navium, ships of so great weight. — non satis commode, not very well. [*] 83.12. nostrae classi: dat. of possession, but translate, the encounter of our fleet with, etc. [*] 83.13. praestaret, had the advantage （i.e. our fleet）. [*] 83.14. reliqua: here a neut. plu. substantive, everything else. [*] 83.15. eis: dat. with nocere, § 367 (227); B. 187. ii. a; G. 346; H. 426. 1 (385. 1); H-B. 362. [*] 83.16. rostro: see Figs. 48, 51. [*] 84.2. copulis: the Romans were not very skilful in naval tactics, and they always aimed, by means of grappling hooks and boarding bridges, to get aboard the enemy's ship and reduce the conflict as soon as possible to a hand-to-hand combat, in which they excelled. — accedebat ut, there was this additional advantage that, followed by the result clauses, ferrent, consisterent, and timerent; cf. 41 15, 51 6. [*] 84.3. se vento dedissent, ran before the wind. The phrase is a nautical one; hence ventus is repeated to give the complete expression. [*] 84.4. consisterent, rode at anchor. [*] 84.5. ab aestu relictae: trans. by if or when, etc.; see § 496 (292); B. 337. 2. a, b; G. 664. ff.; H. 638. 2 (549); H-B. 604. 3.— nihil: cf. 63 13, and note.
[*] 84.8. neque: see note on 80 11. [*] 84.9. eis noceri posse, they could be harmed. Observe that the expression is impers., and cf.56 24 and note. [*] 84.10. quae ubi: cf. note on qui cum, 58 9. [*] 84.11. paratissimae, fully equipped; ornatissimae, thoroughly furnished. The battle was probably fought in the bay of Quiberon, off the heights of St. Gildas, on which Caesar was encamped. The fleet of Crassus issued from the Loire and took a northwesterly course. Meanwhile the fleet of the Veneti came out of the Auray estuary, and passing through the Morbihan entrance to the bay, encountered the Romans directly opposite Caesar's camp. See Fig. 49. [*] 84.13. neque satis Bruto … constabat, and Brutus coul not make out （agerent and insisterent refer to Brutus and his officers）. [*] 84.14. tribunis militum, etc.: in the ancient modes of fighting, the fleet was only a part of the army, and was commanded by the military officers, as here. [*] 84.16. noceri, etc.: cf. similar phrase above, line 9. [*] 84.17. excitatis, raised. The abl. abs. has a concessive force, as is shown by the following tamen. [*] 84.18. ex barbaris navibus, on the enemy's ships; for force of ex, cf. una ex parte, ex itinere, etc. [*] 84.20. magno usui, of great service （cf. auxilio, 81 26）, in fact turning threatened disaster to victory; but Caesar will not use words that hint a possible defeat. [*] 84.22. muralium falcium, wall-hooks, long poles with sickle-shaped hooks attached, like those used by hook-and-ladder companies for pulling down walls （see Fig. 127）. The gen. limits formae understood, which would be dat. after absimili. — cum= whenever, as often as, and the sentence following is a general condition, the verbs comprehensi adductique erant being in the protasis, and praerumpebantur in the apodosis expressing repeated action, which is regularly expressed in Latin by the indict; cf. 59 13, and note. [*] 84.24. praerumpebantur, etc., they [the halyards] were torn away by driving the ship forward with the oars. [*] 84.26. Gallicis navibus: dat. of reference used for poss. gen. [*] 85.1. paulo fortius factum: one of Caesar's mild expressions for an act of remarkable daring.
[*] 85.4. cum, etc.: another general condition, see note on 84 22. — singulas, etc.: i.e. two or three ships about each one of the enemy's. [*] 85.6. contendebant, expressing repeated action; cf. with contenderunt below, which describes a single act. Cf. 75 10. — quod postquam: cf. quae ubi, 84 10, and note. [*] 85.8. cum … repetiretur: a causal clause; cf. 2 15, 57 1. [*] 85.9. conversis … navibus: i.e. steered so as to run before the wind. The prevailing winds at present towards the end of summer in this quarter are from the east or northeast, — the precise winds needed for the two fleets to have met as indicated above. Further, when these winds have blown during the morning, it usually falls calm at noon. This is just what happened on the day of the battle. The calm was probably just after midday. [*] 85.14. pervenerint, came to land; for the tense, cf. 28 6, 50 22, the perf. subjv. being used, as usual, to express past time in a result clause, without regard to sequence of tense. [*] 85.15. hora quarta: about 10 A. M.
[*] 86.2. cum … tum, while … at the same time. [*] 86.4. convenerant, coegerant: i.e. for this war. — quod ubique, all that there were anywhere, followed by the part. gen. navium. [*] 86.5. quo, whither; i.e. any refuge. [*] 86.8. eo gravius … quo, the more severely, etc., in order that. — vindicandum [esse] （impers.）, punishment should be inflicted. [*] 86.10. sub corona vendidit, sold [as slaves] at public auction; lit. under the wreath, since the captives were crowned like an animal to be sacrificed, as indeed they had been in earlier times. Thus the only naval power in Gallia that could be formidable to the Romans was totally destroyed, and neither the Veneti nor their allies gave the proconsul any more trouble.
[*] 86.13. Venellorum: along the Channel coast of Normandy. [*] 86.14. his: cf. classi, 84 13. [*] 86.16. magnae copias: most likely meaning here irregular troops as opposed to exercitum. — his paucis diebus: i.e. about the same time. [*] 86.17. Eburovices: this branch of the Aulerci lived on the south side of the lower Seine. [*] 86.18. nolebant: i.e. the senate. — clauserunt: i.e. against the Romans. [*] 86.20. perditorum, desperate: there might well be many such, as it was now the third year of constant war in Gaul. [*] 86.23. loco, castris: locative ablatives without a prep.; cf. 13 6, 57 5 and note. [*] 86.24. cum: concessive. [*] 87.1. eo absente: i.e. Caesar. A legatus regularly had no imperium, or independent command, but served under that of his superior. [*] 87.3. dimicandum [esse]: impers., with legato as dat. of apparent agent.
[*] 87.8. pro perfuga, in the character of a deserter. [*] 87.10. neque longius esse quin: an idiomatic shorthand expression amounting to that not later than the following night Sabinus would, etc. [*] 87.14. iri: depending on oportere. [*] 87.15. superiorum dierum, on the previous days; see note on belli, below. [*] 87.17. spes … belli: subj. gen. denoting the source; notice that the regular way to express the relation between two substantive ideas is by the genitive. One idea is conceived as belonging to the other in some sense. See note, 62 20. [*] 87.18. fere … credunt, most men are glad to believe, etc. [*] 87.19. non prius … quam, not … until; cf. 81 20. [*] 87.21. ut … victoria （abl. abs.）, as if victory were already assured. [*] 87.22. sarmentis, cuttings, young growth trimmed off from trees; virgultis, brushwood.
[*] 87.25. mille: an indecl. adj. in agreement with passus. [*] 88.1. quam … spati, as little time as possible, subj. of daretur. [*] 88.2. que, and （consequently）, as often with -que. [*] 88.7. Note the emphasis on primum and statim. [*] 88.8. quos: the antecedent is eorum. [*] 88.15. animus, etc.: cf. 78 28 and note.
SOUTHERN GAUL. — The campaign in Aquitania was made merely for strategic reasons, was not provoked by any attack or threat of war, and appears to have been quite unnecessary （see note on 82 3） as well as difficult and dangerous. The Aquitani had no strong military league or combination, but consisted of small, isolated clans, and were besides of more industrial habit than the Gauls, being good miners and engineers. As a mere narrative, however, this is an interesting episode of the war. [*] 88.17. P. Crassus, etc.: cf. 82 2-5. [*] 88.18. ante dictum est: i.e. in 2 7-10. Omit bracketed words in lines 18-20. [*] 88.19. tertia pars: these statements show extreme ignorance, as would be natural （cf. the account of Britain, Bk. v. chs. 12-14）. [*] 88.21. Praeconinus, Manlius: these defeats were twenty-two years before （B.C. 78）, when the Aquitani united with Sertorius, the leader of the Marian party, who held Spain for six years against Rome. （See Plutarch's "Life of Sertorius."） [*] 88.26. Tolosa et Narbone: Tolosa was an old Gallic town; Narbo, a Roman colony established by the policy of Gaius Gracchus, B.C. 118. It became the capital of the Roman province, to which it gave its name, Narbonensis. [*] 88.27. his regionibus: cat. after finitimae, which agrees with civitates. Omit [ex]. [*] 88.28. nominatim evocatis: i.e. veterans who had served their term, but were willing to reenlist. See chapter on military affairs, IV. a. — Sotiatium: south of the Garonne, southeast of the modern Bordeaux; the name remains in the modern Sôs.
[*] 89.5. superioribus victoriis; i.e. those just related; see § 431. a (254. b. 2); B. 218. 3; G. 401. N. 6; H. 476. 3 (425. ii. 1. N.); H-B. 424. [*] 89.7. sine imperatore … adulescentulo duce: an imperator is the chief commander of an army, holding the imperium, or power of military command conferred on him by regular formalities; dux is a general designation for any person holding a command, and might be given to a subordinate officer, like Crassus, who acted as an agent and under the imperium of his superiors. [*] 89.9. perspici: the subj. is the indir. quest. quid … possent. [*] 89.12. vineas turrīsque egit: see chapter on military affairs, VIII, and Figs. 33, 43, 92. 93, 120. [*] 89.13. cuniculis, mines, so called from their likeness to rabbits' burrows. The mine was intended to run under the Roman agger. The roof was carefully propped up with wooden posts, and these being set on fire, when they were burned through, the entire mass of Roman works would fall into the pit. [*] 89.15. aerariae secturaeque: this seems to mean copper mines and quarries （not entirely underground）; but the meaning of the words is not perfectly clear. — diligentia: the Romans doubtless met the attack with countermines. [*] 89.18. faciunt, they do [it].
[*] 89.21. soldurios, paid retainers （hence soldiers）, a Gallic word. It is related that these soldurii were dressed in royal garments like their chief. [*] 89.22. condicio: the same condition of service was found among the Germans （Bk. vi. ch. 23）, and was the foundation of feudal vassalage. — commodis: abl. with fruantur. [*] 89.23. quorum amicitiae, to whose friendship. — si quid … accidat: a euphemism, cf. 16 14. [*] 89.24. sibi mortem, etc.: cf. 4 15. [*] 89.26. qui … recusaret: ref. clause of characteristic ; cf. 5 6, 51 4. [*] 89.27. cum his （repeated from cum devotis; cf. repetition of vidit, 67 7）, with these （I say）.
[*] 90.4. Vocatium, etc.: these were further west. [*] 90.7. quibus, within which. [*] 90.8. quoqueversus, in every direction （quoque, the adverb of place formed from the distributive quisque; versus, the adverb of direction usually connected with prepositions, as ad-versus）. It is often written quoquoversum. [*] 90.10. citerioris: i.e. from the standpoint of Rome; now northern Spain. — Hispaniae: these Iberian populations were allied to the Aquitani （Bk. i. ch. 1）. Spain had been subject to Rome for more than 150 years, but was always rather mutinous, and had made several attempts at independence, especially under Sertorius, who defied Rome for ten years, B. C. 82-72 （see note on 88 21）. It was also the last stronghold of Pompey's party in the civil war, till finally subdued at Munda, B. C. 45. — finitimae: pred. adj. agreeing with quae. [*] 90.15. consuetudine populi Romani: a custom which they had learned in the service with Sertorius. [*] 90.16. loca capere, etc.: i.e. to practice Roman tactics. [*] 90.18. suas … augeri, etc.: these infin. clauses are in app. with quod. — diduci, be stationed in various places, to keep track of the enemy and prevent being surrounded. [*] 90.22. decertaret: subjv. of result with quin after cunctandum [esse]; see § 558 (319. d); B. 283. 4; G. 555; H. 595. 2 (504); cf. H-B. 502. 3. b cf. 29 5, 50 9, 50 25.
[*] 90.25. duplici: i.e. two cohorts in depth. His numbers were too few to allow the usual formation of three （triplex acies）. [*] 90.26. in mediam aciem: i.e. where they would be kept steady by his legionaries. （Their ordinary position was on the wings.） [*] 90.27. exspectabat: waited [to see] what, etc. [*] 91.1. obsessis viis … potiri, to block the roads, cut off supplies, and win the victory without a wound. [*] 91.3. sese recipere: i.e. to withdraw from Aquitania. [*] 91.4. infirmiores animo （§ 253; B. 226; G. 397; H. 480 (424); H-B. 441 ）, dispirited. — adoriri cogitabant, had in mind to attack; sc. eos for obj., and see note on 62 16. [*] 91.5. productis copiis: concessive （= although, etc.）. [*] 91.6. sua, their own. [*] 91.7. opinione timoris, the notion [they had given] of their own cowardice. [*] 91.9. oportere: depending on some word of saying implied in voces. — iretur: cf. note on decertaret, 90 22. Translate freely, that they should go to the camp without farther delay. [*] 91.10. ad hostium castra: this is the only instance in the Commentaries of an attack by Romans on a fortified Gallic camp. The fight usually took place on a level stretch between the hostile camps. The Romans always chose their battle-ground with great care.
[*] 91.11. telis coniectis （abl. abs.）, by hurling weapons. [*] 91.13. quibus: abl. with confidebat （§ 431 (254. b); B. 219. 1. a; G. 401. 6; H. 476. 3 (425. i. 1. N.); H-B. 437）. [*] 91.14. lapidibus … comportandis: gerundive expression of means. — aggerem: i.e. Crassus was building a mound of turf to equal the height of the enemy's rampart, as in the siege of a city. [*] 91.15. opinionem pugnantium: i.e. they made an impression as if actually engaged. [*] 92.2. ex loco, etc.: i.e. as they stood on the rampart of the camp. [*] 92.4. ab decumana porta: i.e. in the rear, where this gate was situated （see Fig. 119）. The Gauls appear here to have adopted the Roman mode of constructing camps, probably under the instruction of the Sertorian officers.
[*] 92.9. praesidio castris: cf. 22 6, 54 3. [*] 92.13. prius … quam: this is often used with the indic. to show that one actual fact precedes another, just as succession is denoted by postquam. Here the subjv. subordinates the temporal clause to the main idea, like the subjv. with cum; cf. also 57 20 and note. [*] 92.14. videri: sc. possent from the following posset. — rei: part. gen. [*] 92.18. per, over. [*] 92.20. apertissimis campis （see note on 62 27）: i.e. the broad, treelessplains which abound in this part of the country. [*] 92.21. quae: acc. plu.; the antecedent is milium. — Cantabris: a very hardy people of the western Pyrenees.
[*] 92.26. Tarbelli, etc.: some of the names will be recognized in the modern Tarbes, Bigorre, Garonne. [*] 92.28. tempore: cf. note on 91 13.
[*] 93.2. omni Gallia pacata, while all the rest of Gaul was subdued. — Morini, etc.: on the islands and low coast lands of Flanders and further north. [*] 93.3. qui … essent: cf. 89 26, and note. — neque: cf. 80 11. [*] 93.4. arbitratus, thinking; the perf. part. of dep. verbs often has a present force. [*] 93.5. alla … ac: cf. 62 6. [*] 93.8. continentīs, continuous: i.e. far-stretching. [*] 93.15. longius, too far （farther than was safe）. — locis: loc. abl., as usual without a prep.
[*] 93.17. deinceps: i.e. in the days next following. [*] 93.18. inermibus … militibus: abl. abs. [*] 93.20. conversam, fronting, i.e. with the boughs turned towards the enemy. — pro vallo, as a palisade. [*] 93.23. tenerentur, etc.: i.e. were just being seized. [*] 93.24. eius modi uti … intermitteretur, such that the work was constantly interrupted. [*] 93.26. sub pellibus: the tents were of leather. [*] 93.28. Aulercis, etc.: along the Seine, near Evreux and Lisieux.
