BOOK VI. BOOK SIXTH.—B.C. 53.
SECOND PASSAGE OF THE RHINE.—The last campaign, includingthe unsuccessful expedition to Britain and the slaughter of the division of Sabinus, must have been in the eyes of the Gauls as least as good as a drawn battle, and have given them fresh hope in the struggle. The strength of their resistance was in the north and east, where they had the support of raids from across the Rhine,—a danger which it was especially the business of Caesar to check by a daring blow; hence the policyof this new, but idle, advance into Germany. It may be borne in mind that this campaign was the more critical, as it followed closely upon the defeat and destruction of the Roman armies under Crassus in the East. READING REFERENCES ON CAESAR'S SIXTH CAMPAIGN. Dodge's Caesar, chap. 14. Fowler's Julius Caesar, chap. 13. Froude's Caesar, chap. 17 （last part）. Holmes's Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, chap. 6. Merivale's Hist. of Rome, Vol. I. pp. 398-405. Napoleon's Caesar, Vol. II chap. 9. Plutarch's Lives, Caesar. Tacitus's Germania. Taylor's Hist. of Germany, chaps. 1 and 2. Trollope's Caesar, chap. 7.[*] 157.1. multis de causis: viz. the profitless expedition to Britain, the desertion of Dumnorix, the loss of Cotta and Sabinus, and the sudden revolt led by Indutiomarus （see Bk. iv. chs. 55-58）. [*] 157.2. per Silanum: the regular construction of the means when it is a person; cf. 57 3 and note. [*] 157.3. delectum: i.e in Italy. [*] 157.4. proconsule: Pompey had been consul B.C. 55. He was now nominally proconsul of Spain, with six legions; but he remained in Italy, ruling his province through legati.—ad urbem （not in urbe）: as long as he was in military command （cum imperio）, he could not enter the city. [*] 157.5. rei publicae causā: this business was the superintending of the corn supply （cura annonae）.—quos … rogavisset, whom he had enlisted when consul from Cisalpine Gaul; the verb rogare is used of a commander who exacts an oath of allegiance from his men; hence sacramento rogare means to enlist; quos: sc. the antecedent eos as obj. of iuberet and subj. of convenire and proficisci.—Cisalpina Gallia: this was Caesar's own province. But Pompey and Crassus had received authority to raise troops where they pleased, and in whatever number. [*] 157.7. iuberet: subjv. of purpose, with ut omitted, following petit cf. 108 1.—magni: cf. 52 11 and note.—etiam, etc.: i.e. not merely for this campaign, but for the Roman prestige in future. [*] 157.8. opinionem Galliae: subj. gen. [*] 158.2. augeri: does not refer to detrimentum, but to Caesar's force （implied）. This linking of different ideas with a word that properly belong only to one is called zeugma. [*] 158.3. quod: i.e. the loan of the legion.—amicitiae: Casar and Pompey were still openly friends, though by the recent death of Julia, Caesar's daughter and Pompey's wife, as well as by the death of Crassus, the political coalition which united them had been dissolved, and an open rupture soon followed. The legion now forwarded to Caesar was demanded back two or three years later. [*] 158.5. constitutis et adductis: i.e. two levied and one borrowed. [*] 158.6. duplicato: fifteen cohorts had been lost under Sabinus （Bk. v. chs. 26-37）. The three legions now received had of course thirty cohorts. The new legions were known as I, III, and XIV, the last taking the place of the legion and a half that had been lost under Sabinus at Aduatuca. Caesar now led ten legions.
[*] 158.9a. In the details of this chapter, notice the formidable appearance, but the really long, weak, and broken line of the Gallic confederacy. [*] 158.9b. ut docuimus: see Bk. v. ch. 58. [*] 158.13. civitatibus: i.e. of the Germans.—inter se, each other, a common use of the phrase in any reciprocal relation. [*] 158.14. obsidibus … cavent, by hostages give security for the money, i.e. the money promised the Germans for their help.—Ambiorigem: the clever and patriotic chief of the Eburones, who had entrapped and destroyed Sabinus. [*] 158.20. maturius: i.e. earlier than usual.
[*] 158.22. nondum, etc.: notice that it is the promptness and dash of Caesar's operations that win the victory in almost every case. [*] 158.23. Nerviorum: see note on 68 18. [*] 158.24. possent: for mood, see § 551. b (327); B. 292; G. 577; H. 605. 2 (520. i. 2); H-B. 507. 4. b; cf. 38 27 and note. Here, as with cum, there is an inner connection between the two clauses. It is not merely before they were in a position to gather, but before they could get a chance to gather. [*] 158.25. praedā, as booty; eā （referring to magno … numero） agrees by attraction with the appositive （§ 296. a (195. d); B. 250. 3; G. 211. R. 5; H. 396. 2 (445. 4); H-B. 326. 1）. [*] 158.27. coegit: sc. eos. [*] 159.2. ut … videretur: i.e. to show that he was determined to put down the rising at once. [*] 159.3. Lutetiam: the first mention in history of Paris, which was a place of no great importance until its occupation as a royal town by the Franks in A.D. 502. The original place of meeting had perhaps been Samarobriva （Amiens）. Caesar apparently considered Lutetia a point nearer the scene of operations, and proceeded at once to the affected district. [*] 159.4. civitatem … coniunxerant: i.e. with the Senones. This was a close political union, not a mere military league （foedus）. [*] 159.5. hoc consilio: the new confederacy （cf. Bk. vii. ch. 75）.—hac re: the removal to Lutetia.—pro suggestu, in front of the platform; i.e. by public announcement, not special notification to the commanders. See chapter on military affairs, V.
[*] 159.9. conantibus （sc. eis, abl. abs.）, while they were attempting to effect the gathering. [*] 159.12. quorum in fide, under whose protection; i.e. of the Haedui, whose supremacy had once extended over the greater part of Gaul. [*] 159.13. libenter, etc.: but Acco was afterwards put to death; see ch. 44. [*] 159.15. instantis belli: （pred. gen.） i.e. the war against the Treveri and Ambiorix. [*] 159.16. custodiendos: gerundive expressing purpose, § 500. 4 (294. d); B. 337. 7. b. 2; G. 430; H. 622 (544. 2. N. 2); H-B. 605. 2; cf. also 117 4, 156 1. [*] 159.19. equites: the cavalry of the Roman armies was wholly furnished by the subject-allies. [*] 159.20. civitatibus: cf. 117 17, 130 24.
[*] 159.22. Cavarinum: a chief appointed at Caesar's dictation, and odious to his tribe （153 21-29）. Hence came his animosity （iracundia） against the state which had driven him into exile. [*] 159.24. meruerat: implying a harsh and tyrannical rule, which had aroused the hatred of the state. Either the old odium of Cavarinus or his new animosity against the state might cause a disturbance. [*] 159.25. pro explorato habebat, he considered certain. [*] 159.26. reliqua, etc.: i.e. he considered what else Ambiorix would be likely to do. [*] 160.4. venisse: understand eum （Ambiorix）. [*] 160.5. haec … auxilia: i.e. both the Menapii and the Germans.—prius, with quam. Notice that the parts of this word are very often separated.—illi, a dat. rendered by from, instead of the abl. of separation; § 381 (229); B. 188. 2. d; G. 345. R. 1; H. 427 (385. ii. 2); H-B. 371. [*] 160.6. lacesseret: subjv. in indir. disc., following existimabat. [*] 160.7. congredi, to form an alliance with. [*] 160.11. praesidio: cf. 89 5.
[*] 160.14. tripartito: in three columns, on different roads. [*] 160.20. Commium: appointed king of the Atrebates by Caesar （106 13-17）. He served as Caesar's friend and ally in Britain and elsewhere, but finally joined in the great revolt against him （Bk. vii. ch. 76）.—custodis loco, as a guard.
[*] 160.23. dum geruntur: the regular construction with dum cf. 113 1 and note. [*] 160.25. in eorum finibus: see Bk. v. ch. 24. [*] 160.26. via: abl. after longius.—cum … cognoscunt: not like the descriptive cum, but really the main proposition. See § 546. a (325. b); B. 288. 2; G. 581; H. 600. i. 1; H-B. 566. a. [*] 160.27. a （adverbial）, away. [*] 161.1. impedimentis: i.e. the greater part of the heavy baggage. He took a small baggage-train with him （see 161 28）; but probably on what was necessary. [*] 161.4. flumen: probably some stream flowing into the Meuse （Mosa）, perhaps the AIzette. [*] 161.5. transire, transituros: notice the regular use of these two constructions side by side: the first verb （habebat in animo） expresses intention and has the simple compl. infin.; the second （existimabat） is a verb of thinking and takes the indir. disc. This is one of the most important distinctions in Latin Grammar. [*] 161.6. augebatur: i.e. in the minds of the Treveri. [*] 161.7. spes, their （the Treveri） hope.—loquitur: i.e. Labienus.—palam, freely or openly, on purpose to be heard, but not in a set speech. [*] 161.10. castra moturum: of course to withdraw. [*] 161.12. natura: i.e. their natural attachment to their own land. [*] 161.13. consili: pred. gen.; cf. 18 19.
[*] 161.20. cum: see note on 160 26. [*] 161.21. longum esse, it would be tedious; § 437. a (264. b); B. 271. 1. b; G. 254. R. 1; H. 525. 2 (476. 5); H-B. 582. 3 and b. [*] 162.4. imperatori: Caesar, who alone had the imperium, or military authority. Labienus was only dux. [*] 162.6. derigi: i.e. to be formed and aligned; the verb properly has only the latter meaning, the former is only implied. [*] 162.8. celeriter, etc.: see chapter on military affairs, VII. [*] 162.14. recepit, recovered to obedience.—auxillo; dat. of service. [*] 162.16. > comitati eos, in company with them （the Germans）. [*] 162.18. demonstravimus: see Bk. v. chs. 3, 4, and 56.
[*] 162.24. paulo supra, a little above, or to the south, probably near Andernach. [*] 162.25. nota … ratione = on the plan already tried and approved （cf. Bk. iv. ch. 17）. [*] 163.1. purgandi sui （§ 504. c (298. a); B. 339. 5; G. 428. R. 1; H. 626. 3 (542. 1. N. 1)）; H-B. 614; cf. 77 3, 115 2. [*] 163.5. cognita, having inquired into.
[*] 163.9. paucis post diebus: § 424. f (259. d); B. 357. 1; G. 403. N. 4; H. 488. 1 (430); H-B. 424. [*] 163.10. eis … imperio: subject tribes, not confederate allies. Tacitus, however （Ger. 38）, represents the Suevi as a confederacy; its former subjects may, after Caesar's time, have been admitted to alliance. [*] 163.18. quaeque: -que connects mittant and cognoscant. [*] 163.22. silvam: this was the natural frontier and defence （pro nativo muro） of the north German plain towards the south. A range of wooded hills still borders the Saxon duchies on the north. The Cherusci held the valleys of the Weser and Elbe.
[*] 164.1. locum, etc.: here there is really nothing to tell, as Caesar found the country deserted （ch. 29）, and returned at once to Gaul. We owe to this void in the narrative a most curious and entertaining glimpse into the geographic and ethnographic knowledge of the time. See the introductory chapters on Gaul and Germany. [*] 164.7. existimantur: is only explanatory, hence the indic. [*] 164.8. quorum: the antecedent is principes. [*] 164.9. redeat: is characteristic （§ 535 (320); B. 283; G. 631. 1; H. 591. 1 (503. 1); cf. H-B. 521. 1）. The idea seems to be: It is the chief men of these factions （those namely who are regarded as most influential） who have the supreme authority. Hence the effort of each of the chieftains to look out for his dependents. A good illustration is found in modern political bosses. [*] 164.10. ne … egeret: in app. with eius rei, the past tense （egeret） taking its time from institutum [esse]: § 485. j, 585. a (287. i, 336. B. N. 2); B. 268. 7. b, 268. 2; G. 518; H. 548 (495. iv); H-B. 483. [*] 164.13. haec … Galliae, this same state of things exists in general throughout enitre Gaul. [*] 164.14. divisae: adj. use of the participle; cf. divisa, 1 1.
[*] 164.15. cum … venit: notice the difference between this and the cum in descriptive clauses （cf. 11 7, 49 1）. Here it means merely 'at the time when, etc.,' and there is no inner connection with the main clause. [*] 164.16. Sequani: these succeeded to the domination of the Arverni （see Bk. i. ch. 31） —hi, the latter. [*] 164.17. antiquitus: really only a little while before, as the Haedui had risen by favor of the Romans. [*] 164.18. clientelae, dependencies. these were the petty tribes which grouped themselves about one or the other of the great rival states. [*] 164.24. iurare: i.e. the Haedui. [*] 164.25. nihil … consili, no plans, part. gen.—et: connects cogerent and possiderent. [*] 164.27. Diviciacus: cf. 27 13. [*] 165.1. infecta re, without effecting his object. [*] 165.2. adventu Caesaris … dimiserant: this long Latin periodic sentence should in our idiom be rendered by several coordinate sentences （cf. note on 66 5）.—facta commutatione: i.e. by his friendship to the Haedui and the defeat of Ariovistus （Bk. i. chs. 31-53）. [*] 165.4. ei: subj. of videbant. [*] 165.6. reliquis rebus: abl. of specification. [*] 165.8. adaequare, were equal; i.e. to the Haedui. （The infin. clause quos adaequare is the subj. of intellegebatur, which is used impersonally.） [*] 165.9. gratia: abl. of specification. [*] 165.11. dĭcabant: distinguish from dīcebant. [*] 165.13. statu: loc. abl.
[*] 165.16. plebes: here a noun of the fifth declen.; cf. plebs. [*] 165.18. cum … premuntur: a general condition expressing repeated action, cum meaning whenever or as often as. The perf. indict would be more usual; cf. 59 13, 131 7. [*] 165.21. quae dominis （dat. of poss.）, as masters have. [*] 165.22. druidum （pred. gen.）, that of the druids.—illi: the former. [*] 165.25. hi: i.e. the druids. [*] 165.26. eos: i.e. the Gauls. [*] 165.27. quod facinus, any crime. [*] 166.1. idem: nom. plural. [*] 166.2. qui: why not quis ? Observe also si qui in l. 10 below. [*] 166.3. sacrificiis: abl. of separation; understand eos with interdicunt.—poena: like an excommunication, taboo, or boycott. [*] 166.5. decedunt （with dat.）: sc. de via （i.e. 'make way for' them in the street）. [*] 166.6. incommodi: part. gen. following quid. [*] 166.13. Carnutum: this central spot was at or near the modern town of Dreux, where, it is said, traces of these assemblies may still be found. [*] 166.16. disciplina, system of doctrine; cf. meaning of the same word in 165 25.—Britannia: many think that druidism originated in Gaul and was carried thence to Britain, where it still flourished, but that it had declined for various political reasons in the mother country.
[*] 166.21. The bracketed words merely repeat the thought of the preceding sentence and may be omitted. [*] 167.2. numerum versuum: i.e. their lore was put into verse to assist the memory. [*] 167.4. fas: the words fas and nefas refer to what is religiously right and wrong, in distinction from ius and iniuria, which refer to human obligations only. [*] 167.8. litteris confisos, by trusting to written words, a useful hint to teachers. [*] 167.11. hoc （acc.）, more usually illud, refers to what follows; hoc （abl.） to what has just been said. [*] 167.12. transire: the belief in the transmigration of souls was common to many ancient peoples, and is still a tenet of some Eastern religions, especially of the Buddhists. [*] 167.15. mundi, the universe （system of things）; terrarum （cf. orbis terrarum）, the world.
[*] 167.17. equitum: these made a sort of military nobility. It is interesting to compare the two "upper classes" here described with the ecclesiastics and feudal noblesse of France before the Revolution.—cum est: notice the force of the indicative. See note on cum … premuntur, 165 18.—usus: a noun; see vocab. [*] 167.21. ut quisque amplissimus … ita plurimos, the more powerful … the greater number （§ 313. b (93. c, at end); G. 642. R. 2; H. 515. 5 (458. 2)）. [*] 167.22. ambactos: this Celtic word was known as the equivalent of servus "slave," as early as the time of Ennius, 150 years before. Cf. 165 16-21.
[*] 167.27. homines immolant: it is not certain that the practice of human sacrifice existed so late as this in Gaul. Caesar appears not to have known any actual instances of it. [*] 168.3. plācārī: distinguish from placere.—publice: as opposed to the private ones just referred to. [*] 168.4. habent instituta: cf. 40 20, 51 8, and notes. [*] 168.9. cum … deficit: cf. cum est, 167 17.
[*] 168.12. Mercurium: the gods had no such names, nor were they, in fact, the same gods; but they were identified with similar Roman divinities as nearly as possible. The name of the god whom the Romans identified with Mercury is lost （Teutates?）; but it appears from inscriptions and images that his worship was very widespread and important throughout the period of the Empire. The other deities here mentioned appear under numerous epithets. Jupiter was probably the Gallic Taranis, whose name appears to indicate that he was a god of thunder. He has been identified by some with a statuette bearing in its hand a long hammer or mallet, like the Scandinavian Thor. （See Esquisse de la Religion des Gaulois, by Henri Gadioz.） [*] 168.20. cum, etc.: see 165 18 and note. [*] 168.21. ceperint: subjv. of informal indir. disc., for the fut. perf. inc. of the direct. [*] 169.2. neglecta religione: i.e. in violation of his vow.—capta, taken as spoil.—apud se, at his house. [*] 169.3. posita, consecrated as a gift.
[*] 169.5. Dite （see § 403. a. N. 1 (244. a. R.); B. 215. 2; G. 395; H. 469. 1 (415. ii. N); H-B. 413. b.）, Pluto, the god of Darkness, or of the Underworld, meaning that they believe themselves to have sprung from the soil, the world below them. [*] 169.7. noctium, etc.: this usage is common to many primitive peoples; e.g. the Germans （Tact. Ger. II）. Our word "fortnight " is a relic of it. It doubtless had its origin in keeping time by the changes of the moon. [*] 169.9. ut … subsequatur: i.e. the calendar day began at sunset. [*] 169.10. fere （with hoc）: i.e. speaking loosely.—suos liberos, etc. The Romans, on the other hand, accustomed their sons to public life, and in early times even took them with them into the Senate. Again cum with the perf. ind. expressing repeated or customary action; cf. 168 20. Observe that this perf. becomes a present in our idiom, expressing repeated action or a general truth. [*] 169.13. turpe ducunt, they consider it disgraceful, turpe being pred. adj. agreeing with the infin. clause.
[*] 169.14. quantas … communicant: i.e. the husband deposits, in a common fund, an amount equal to the wife's marriage portion. [*] 169.16. ratio habetur, a reckoning is kept. [*] 169.17. fructus, revenues or profts.—vita: abl. of specification. [*] 169.19. viri in uxores, etc.: cf. the Roman patria potestas; the rank of the wife was much higher among the Germans. [*] 169.22. de uxoribus: this would seem to imply polygamy among the Gauls. Probably it was limited to the chiefs, as among the Germans; see note on 48 6.—in servilem modum, after the manner of slaves, i.e. by torture. [*] 169.23. compertum est: i.e. that there has been foul play. [*] 169.24. excruciates interficiunt: cf. 5 5, 55 3, and notes.—pro cultu, considering the degree of civilization. [*] 169.27. hanc = nostram （cf. 51 17）, i.e. a generation ago. [*] 170.1. dilectos: distinguish from delectos.—iustis, regular, by conventional rule. When these had been fulfilled, the sacrifice of dependents was added. These usages are in accordance with the belief of the Gauls in immortality, which is fully attested.
[*] 170.3. quae civitates = eae civitates quae; a relative clause standing first generally incorporates its antecedent. [*] 170.4. legibus sanctum, established by law, agreeing with the sentence si … communicet （obj. of habent）; cf. 40 20, 51 8. [*] 170.6. neve, and that not, the regular connective for a negative purpose clause.—quo: indef., any one. [*] 170.7. quod saepe, etc.: cf. the lively account 97 9-17. [*] 170.9. quae visa sunt, what they think fit to conceal （understand occultanda）. [*] 170.11. per concilium, by means （or, in the proceedings） of the public assembly.
[*] 170.14. neque druides habent: i.e. this particular hierarchy. They had, however, both priests and priestesses, with religious forms public and private. [*] 170.15. deorum numero, etc. In this, Caesar's testimony is directly contradicted by Tacitus, who speaks （Ger. 9） of their worship of Mercury, Mars, and Hercules. This is almost the only contradiction hetween these writers, in whose accounts of political and other institutions there is a striking agreement. This is all the more remarkable when we bear in mind that Caesar went but little beyond the German frontier and had relatively little to do with them. This description of the Germans may be profitably compared with Caesar's account of the Suevi in the opening chapters of Bk. iv. [*] 170.19. a parvis, from childhood.—qui … permanserunt: i.e. " who are slowest to outgrow " their boyhood. Cf. Tacitus: sera juvenum venus, eoque inexhausta pubertas; and contrast the premature debaucheries of the Roman youth. [*] 170.20. hoc: abl. of cause. [*] 170.23. nulla occultatio: like the English there is no hiding. [*] 170.25. renonum: i.e. small cloaks of hide.—magnā … nudā: abl. abs.
[*] 170.26. agri culturae: as to this chapter, cf. what is said in the general Introduction to the volume and in Bk. iv. ch. 1, where it is shown that the soil was tilled, not by the labor of old men, women, or slaves, but by that of the fighting men. In other words, the Germans were, though "barbarians," not （in one sense） a barbarous people. [*] 170.27. neque quisquam, etc: this temporary and shifting occupation of land, as well as the holding of it by the family or clan （cognationinbus） is characteristic of a primitive society. Cf. the Introduction, as above. [*] 171.1. finis proprios, private lands. [*] 171.2. gentibus, etc.: in the general gathering for this assignment, each clan must have met by itself, and have been represented by its chief. [*] 171.3. quantum agri, as much land; agri is part. gen. [*] 171.6. agri culturā: notice the use of the abl. （§ 416 (252); B. 225; G. 404; H. 478. 4 (422. N. 2); H-B. 427. 1, cf. 431）, here to be rendered "for."—ne … expellant: this was flagrant evil in Italy, which Caesar had attempted in his own consulship to check （by the lex agraria）, following the precedent of the Gracchi. There the potentiores had already succeeded in ousting the humiliores from their estates, and creating enormous plantations, latifundia, cultivated by slaves in place of the earlier peasant freeholds. [*] 171.11. cum … videat: this looks as if the land was portioned in equal shares to rich and poor alike. But on this question there are many and various opinions, and, at any rate, the words do not prove a division to each man as a freehold.
[*] 171.13. maxima laus: so in Bk. iv. ch. 3. [*] 171.14. virtutis: § 385. c (234. d); B. 204. 2; G. 359. R. 1; H. 435. 4 (391. ii. 4); H-B. 339. c. [*] 171.16. prope, near; consistere, to stay or settle. The infin. clauses are in app. with hoc. [*] 171.17. cum … infert: note the force of pres. indict with cum; cf. 165 18 and note. [*] 171.18. magistratus … deliguntur: by lot, according to the Saxon Bede, from among existing magistrates. The Goths, Burgundians, Franks, and Lombards, on the other hand, had real kings. [*] 171.19. praesint, habeant: subjv. of characteristic. [*] 171.21. principes … pagorum: these local and village chiefs, forming a sort of governing body, were probably the natural leaders each of his own district. They are said, however, to have been elected, no doubt for life, by an assembly of the tribe or nation （Tact Ger. 12）. [*] 171.22. latrocinia … extra finīs: as with the "cattle-lifting raids" of the Scottish Borderers. [*] 171.25. ubi quis, etc., whenever any one, equivalent to the protasis of a general condition. This is the manner in which volunteers were mustered for the raids in question. [*] 171.26. profiteantur: representing an imperat. form in the dir. disc. [*] 172.2. omnium rerum fides, confidence in anything. [*] 172.3. qui … venerunt: again the perf. indict in the protasis of a general condition,—whoever comes to them for any reason whatsoever; cf. 168 20.
[*] 172.6. cum … superarent: a clause of characteristic, such that, etc.; see § 535. a. N. 3 (322. R.); G. 631. 2; H. 591. 4 (503. 1. N. 2); H-B. 521. 1. [*] 172.7. superarent, inferrent, mitterent: asyndeton, i.e. omission of connectives. [*] 172.10. Hercyniam silvam: the great wooded range extending from the Black Forest to the Bohemian Highlands.—Graecis: i.e. other Greeks, as Eratosthenes was a Greek, though not of Greece proper. [*] 172.11. Volcae Tectosages, etc.: occupying the southern part of Gaul, about Narbonne or Toulouse. A portion only had migrated to Germany; or, perhaps, had stayed behind from an early Celtic migration westward. [*] 172.16. Gallis: indir. obj. of largitur, multa being the dir. obj.
[*] 172.22. iter: acc. of extent; cf. 98 3.—expedito （dat.）: i.e. to a man unencumbered with baggage.—non … noverunt: i.e. the Germans who live there. So at the present day, in the mountain regions of Germany and Switzerland, distance is measured by "hours" （stunden） instead of miles. [*] 172.24. Nemetum, etc.: along the middle course of the Rhine, where it flows northward from Bâle.—recta regione: i.e. parallel. [*] 172.25. Dacorum, etc.: occupying the eastern and western portions of Hungary. [*] 172.26. sinistrorsus: in reality it is the river which leaves the course of the forest or highland, bending abruptly to the right, or southward. [*] 173.1. huius: that familiar to the Romans, viz. western. [*] 173.2. [aut audisse]: may be omitted in translation.—initium: as we should say the end, eastward, where it is lost in the Carpathian range. Its extent, in a direct line, is stated as 1600 miles. [*] 173.3. processerit: subjv. as an intermediate clause in inc. disc. for perf. indict [*] 173.4. acceperit: subjv. of characteristic. [*] 173.5. quae, such as, followed by the subjv. of characteristic. [*] 173.6. differant: subjv. of characteristic.
[*] 173.8. bos: this name seems to have been given loosely to any large-horned, unfamiliar beast, and even to the elephant; here it is perhaps the reindeer, which had anciently a wide-scattered range. [*] 173.9. unum cornu: this description is unintelligible. [*] 173.10. palmae ramique （hendiadys; cf. note on 28 25）, branching antlers, evidently comparing the horns to a flat hand with branches like fingers.
[*] 173.13. alces: this name is undoubtedly elks, but the description is widely unlike and quite unrecognizable. [*] 173.15. crura … habent: the same story is told by Pliny, H. N. viii. 16, 39. [*] 173.17. si … conciderunt: cf. 172 3 and note. By what tense should this perfect be rendered? The same construction occurs below in l. 20, cum est animadversum, and in l. 23, cum reclinaverunt. [*] 173.21. omnes: with arbores. [*] 173.22. ab radicibus, at the roots.—accīdunt, cut into.—tantum ut, etc.: lit. so far that the perfect appearance of them standing is left; translate, so that to all appearances they are standing firmly.
[*] 173.26. uri: this name is generally understood to refer to the German Urochs （the primitive or wild ox, probably buffalo）, said still to be found in the forests of Lithuania. Caesar evidently describes a very different animal, with spreading horns like those of a reindeer or moose; but the whole description must have been derived from a confused account. [*] 174.6. quae sint testimonio, to serve as evidence, a purpose clause. [*] 174.7. ne … excepti, not even when caught quite young.
[*] 174.12. Caesar, etc. This chapter directly follows ch. 10 in the narrative, the intervening passage being a digression. [*] 174.14. supra: see 170 26. [*] 174.16. ne … tolleret: as would be done by completely destroying the bridge.—barbaris: dat. （§ 381 (229); B. 188. 2. d; G. 345. R. 1; H. 427 (385. ii. 2); H-B. 371）.—atque, and at the same time.—ut tardaret: which he did by making the bridge practically useless. [*] 174.17. auxilia: i.e. which the Germans might send to aid the Gauls. [*] 174.19. in extremo ponte. There seems to have been an island in the river at this place, so that the bridge was in two sections. The section between the island and the east bank was destroyed, and at what was now the end of the bridge （extremo）, on the island, the tower was built. There was probably a redoubt, as usual, at the entrance to the bridge on the mainland; see Fig. 59. [*] 174.20. cohortium: these were auxiliaries, as it appears in ch. 33 that he took all his legions with him. [*] 174.23. cum maturescere, etc.: i.e. early in August. [*] 174.24. Arduennam: the modern Ardennes （Shakespeare's Forest of Arden）. [*] 174.27. D: an obvious mistake, possibly of some copyist. The distance is about 150 miles.—Basilum: afterwards one of the conspirators against Caesar. [*] 174.28. si … posses, （to see） whether he can, etc. （see § 576. a (334. f); B. 300. 3; G. 460. (b); H. 649. 3 (529. ii. 1. N. 1); H-B. 582. 2. and a）. [*] 175.1. qua: why not quae? [*] 175.2. subsequi: notice the pres.for the fut.
[*] 175.7. multum potest, has great power; see note on 10 17. [*] 175.8. nam ut, etc., for as it happened by a remarkable chance that, etc.; the following clause being subj. of accidit.—ipsum: referring to Ambiorix; so too in l. 12. [*] 175.9. prius … quam: render as one word, before; in English we omit the relative particle.—eius: i.e. Basili. [*] 175.10. videretur: in the same construction as incideret.—adferretur: cf. 158 24 and note. [*] 175.11. magnae fortunae （pred. gen.）, a great piece of luck. [*] 175.13. hoc: abl. of means, explained by quod, etc. [*] 175.14. sunt fere, generally are. [*] 175.16. propinquitatīs: use the singular in English; see § 99 (75. c); B. 55. 4. c; G. 204. N. 5; H. 138. 2 (130. 2); H-B. 240. 5. b. [*] 175.18. his pugnantibus: notice the force of the Latin order. While these were fighting, time was given for the chief to be placed on horseback by some of his followers, and, as soon as he actually got away, he was covered by the woods.
[*] 175.21. iudicione … an, whether by design … or, etc. [*] 176.2. quas aestus: i.e. islands only at high tide. [*] 176.3. alienissimis, entire strangers. [*] 176.4. Catuvolcus: see 133 20-23, 134 17-19. [*] 176.6. precibus detestatus, cursing with formal imprecations, which, from a dying man, were thought to have efficacy with the gods. [*] 176.7. fuisset: informal indir. disc.—taxo: perhaps with a decoction of yew leaves, as the berries are said to be harmless.
[*] 176.12. neve: see note on 170 6. [*] 176.13. unam esse causam, that the case was the same; i.e. that they were all included in the league. [*] 176.16. convenissent, reducerentur: in dir. disc. convenerint, reducantur. [*] 176.19. id castelli nomen est, that is the （German） name of a stronghold. It will be remembered that the Aduatuci were of German descent; and it is thought that Aduatuca is an old German word, meaning a stronghold. Then the Aduatuci would be the people who held such a place of safety. There were several towns of this name, which fact adds force to the conjecture. [*] 176.21. Titurius, etc. （Sabinus and Cotta）: see 133 20-24. [*] 176.24. laborem: i.e. of making a new fortified camp. [*] 176.25. unam ex his, etc.: see 158 4 ff. [*] 176.26. Q. Ciceronem: see Bk. v. chs.39-52.
[*] 177.2. ad … versus, towards. [*] 177.5. Scaldim, the Scheldt. There seems to be some confused geography here, but the many and confused mouths of these rivers doubtless gave rise to this idea. [*] 177.8. vii = septimum. Cf. a different idiom, 163 9.—quam ad diem: cf. 179 2 （quem ad diem）. Observe that dies is often fem. when it means time. [*] 177.9. frumentum deberi: see chapter on military affairs, IV. f. [*] 177.11. commodo （abl.）, to （properly in accordance with） the advantage, etc.—rei publicae: gen.; cf. 31 94, 148 18.
[*] 177.14. supra: in ch. 31. [*] 177.15. quod se defenderet, capable of, etc. （subjv. of charateristic）. [*] 177.16. cuique, to each; notice the Latin idiom. We should put the distributive with the leading verb （consederat）, each had taken position where, etc. [*] 177.21. universis, to men gathered in one body. [*] 177.23. ex parte, in a measure. [*] 177.26. hominum sceleratorum, those scoundrels; an expression of temper which Caesar does not often permit himself towards his foes. It shows his bitter hatred against the hapless Eburones, who had destroyed his officers and legion. [*] 177.27. vellet: not contrary to fact, but in both cases a future protasis thrown back into past time; cf. note on 141 1. [*] 178.4. ut in, etc., considering that it was in, etc.; a not uncommon use of ut. [*] 178.6. ut potius, etc.: we may translate so that some opportunities for doing injury were neglected, though the clause is properly one of purpose. Connect potius with quam. The thought is that Caesar's plan was to save the lives of his soldiers, even at the expense of neglecting to punish the enemy, and to employ others to carry out his vengeance. [*] 178.7. ulciscendum: i.e. to avenge the destruction of the force Sabinus and Cotta （Bk. v. chs. 27-38）. [*] 178.8. noceretur （impers.）, harm should be done to the enemy.
[*] 179.4. fortuna: cf. 175 7.—possit, adferat: present tense to express a general truth; though usually in Latin such expressions follow the sequence of tenses. [*] 179.8. ultro, freely; i.e. any that would; as a general invitation extending beyond those immediately concerned. [*] 179.10. supra docuimus: see 102 21-25. [*] 179.13. primos finīs, the nearest limits. [*] 179.16. paludes: subj. of morantur. [*] 179.18. profectum: i.e. eum profectum esse. [*] 179.22. Aduatucam: i.e. where Cicero with a single legion was guarding the baggage of the whole army; see ch. 32. [*] 179.23. tantum, only so much, really, so feeble. [*] 179.24. cingi, surrounded; i.e. manned （with a line of defenders）. [*] 179.27. duce, as guide （pred. app.）.
[*] 180.1. Cicero: up to this time he had shown himself to be an unusually discreet and courageous officer. [*] 180.2. continuisset （concessive subjv.）, though he had, etc. [*] 180.4. vii = septimo.—de numero: construe with fidem servaturum. [*] 180.5. progressum: cf. profectum, 179 18. [*] 180.7. illius, etc., who called his quiet waiting a blockade. [*] 180.8. si quidem, since: with subjv., indicating the ground of their complaint. [*] 180.9. quo （following eius modi, of such sort that）, with posset as subjv. of result.—oppositis, had gone to meet the enemy; the abl. abs. expresses cause. [*] 180.10. in milibus passuum tribus: i.e. within three miles of his camp. [*] 180.11. offendi （impers.）, an attack could be made. [*] 180.12. quas inter: several prepositions sometimes follow their cases, especially those of two syllables. [*] 180.14. hoc spatio: i.e. since Caesar's departure. [*] 180.15. sub vexillo: here the vexillum was a little scarlet flag （quite distinct from the metal signum）, used by small bodies detached for some special service. The name vexillarii was given to the soldiers of such a corps; see chapter on military affairs, II, and Figs. 121, 128. [*] 180.16. calonum: i.e. officers' servants and grooms for the horses. These were slaves.—iumentorum: to bring in the expected supplies. [*] 180.17. subsederat, had remained behind when Caesar left.—facta potestate, obtaining leave.
[*] 180.18. [et]: omit in translation. [*] 180.19. ab decumana porta, at the rear gate （see Fig. 119）. The camp fronted in the direction where the enemy were supposed to be, i.e. towards the Gallic tribes; so that its more exposed part lay nearest the German attack. [*] 180.20. nec prius … quam, and not till; for the mood following, see 158 24 and note. [*] 180.21. silvis: it was considered bad generalship to place a camp so near the woods as to conceal the approach of the enemy. The pickets, too, must have been either very carelessly stationed or very negligent. [*] 180.22. usque eo, so close.—qui … mercatores, the traders who spread their booths （tentoria） under the shelter of the wall.—recipiendi sui: for construction, see § 504. c (298. a); B. 339. 5; G. 428. R. 1; H. 626. 3 (542. i. N. 1); H-B. 614; cf. 40 15, 77 3, 77 20. [*] 180.24. in statione: i.e. before the gate. [*] 180.25. circumfunduntur: the middle or reflexive use of the passive, rendered in English by the active intransitive form; pour in or about. [*] 180.26. si: interrog., [to see] whether; cf. 174 28. [*] 181.1. signa, etc.: i.e. as the whole camp was in confusion the soldiers could not tell in which direction the line was to be formed （signa ferantur） nor where each man should rally （quisque conveniat）. It is noticeable that Cicero is not spoken of after the beginning of ch. 36. Ordinarily this woulc be just the moment when a commander would be most active. It seems to show that he shared in the general panic. [*] 181.3. imperatore: Caesar. Observe the force of atque: and the general, too! [*] 181.4. novas religiones, a sudden superstition, as if the spot itself were unlucky to the Romans （see 176 20-22）. [*] 181.5. qui occiderint, who （as they recalled; hence subjv.） had fallen. [*] 181.7. barbaris: dat. of reference.
[*] 181.12. apud Caesarem, with Caesar. [*] 181.13. proeliis （abl. of time）: see Bk. ii. ch. 25; Bk. iii. ch. 5. [*] 181.17. consequuntur hunc: as primus pilus, he had authority to command all other centurions; although generally, as here, he really only formed a rallying point. See chapter on military affairs, I. 7
 |
| Figure 128. Tabernaculum. |
[*] 181.25. hic: i.e. in the open field. [*] 181.26. modo … exspectant: the Roman discipline was so perfect that, in general, every man knew just what to do in any emergency （as in the fight with the Nervii, Bk. ii. ch. 21）; but these new levies （see 176 24-27） were helpless till the exact order had been given, even the boldest of them （nemo est tam fortis, etc.）. [*] 182.2. legiones: those of Caesar and his legati; see ch. 33. [*] 182.4. paucitate: i.e. five cohorts and the 300 convalescent veterans.
[*] 182.6. in signa manipulosque, among the cohorts and maniples. In their panic the servants rushed among the ranks of the cohorts （signa） and the maniples. [*] 182.7. alii … alii: these seem to have had some presence of mind, as is implied in the expression censent, the regular expression for voting in a public assembly. [*] 182.8. quoniam … sint, since [as they say], etc. [*] 182.10. [confidunt]: may be omitted in translation, the infin. posse depending on the idea of saying involved in censent.—alii: sc. censent. [*] 182.11. hoc: the latter counsel, which was that of the raw recruits.—docuimus: cf. 180 13-15. [*] 182.13. C. Trebonio: this can hardly be the man referred to in ch. 33. He was away with the three legions intrusted to him, as there recorded. [*] 183.2. militum virtute: i.e. of the infantry; the cavalry, it will be remembered, were not Romans, but Gauls and other allies. [*] 183.3. nullo usu percepto, having gained no experience; i.e. even after seeing the successful action of the veterans. [*] 183.4. eo consilio: with ut … defenderent in app.—permanere: compl. infin. with potuerunt. [*] 183.5. quam: the antecedent is eam vim celeritatemque. [*] 183.7. demiserunt: se has already been expressed with recipere. [*] 183.8. ex inferioribus ordinibus: the officers of a new legion were usually obtained in this way, being promoted from the lower grades of veteran cohorts. [*] 183.10. ne ante partam, etc.: notice again the esprit de corps of the Roman soldier; cf. 109 1-9, 142 7-11, 146 13 ff. [*] 183.13. pars periit: two cohorts; see 184 26.
[*] 183.16. constitisse, etc., had now gained a position. [*] 183.17. praeda: see 179 26. [*] 183.20. fidem non faceret, could not make them believe. [*] 183.22. alienata mente, beside themselves with terror.—deletis … recepisse: after dicerent. [*] 183.23. neque: the negative belonging with oppugnaturos fuisse is, as often in Latin, combined with the general connective of the sentence.—incolumi exercitu （abl. abs. denoting condition）, in case the army were safe. [*] 183.24. oppugnaturos fuisse: the regular form in indir. disc. for oppugnavissent a contrary-to-fact apodosis. "Brave as they were, the Roman soldiers seem to have been curiously liable to panics of this kind. The faith with which they relied upon their general avenged itself through the completeness with which they were accustomed to depend upon him. He returned on the day which he had fixed, and not unnaturally was displeased at the disregard of his orders. He did not, or does not in his Commentaries, professedly blame Cicero. But the Ciceros perhaps resented the loss of confidence which one of them had brought upon himself. Quintus Cicero cooled in his zeal, and afterwards amused the leisure of his winter quarters with composing worthless dramas."—Froude's "Caesar."
[*] 183.26. eventus （acc. plu.） belli, the fortune of war （in general）.—unum, only one thing. >>>>>>> 1.5 [*] 183.28. casui: dat. with relinqui.—relinqui debuisse （§ 486. a (288. a); B. 270. 2; H. 618. 2 (537. 1); H-B. 582. 3. a ftn. 2）, as usual added without any other word of saying beyond that involved in questus. [*] 183.29. multum fortunam … potuisse: cf. 175 7 ff. [*] 184.1. avertisset: sc. fortuna. [*] 184.2. rerum: part. gen. with maxime.—videbatur: the subj. is quod … obtulerunt. [*] 184.5. beneficium: i.e. by giving him opportunity to escape. He was never captured. In honor of his splendid resistance to the invader a colossal statue has lately been erected to him at Tongres; see Fig. 83.
[*] 184.10. agebatur: i.e. especially castle.—frumenta: distinguish from frumentum. [*] 184.11. anni tempore: it was now late in the fall, but the unfortunate people had not been able to harvest their crops. [*] 184.13. his … pereundum [esse], that these must needs perish; his is dat. of agent. [*] 184.14. in eum locum ventum est, matters were brought to such a pass, i.e. they were so close upon him. [*] 184.16. ut （[non] omit） … contenderent, that prisoners who were brought in looked round among their number for Ambiorix, whom they had just seen in flight—supposing that he must have been taken also—and insisted that he was not yet quite out of sight. [*] 184.20. paene … vincerent: i.e. almost surpassed the bounds of nature in their eagerness. [*] 184.21. summam felicitatem: i.e. complete success.—atque: almost equals but. [*] 184.22. eriperet, peteret: in the same construction as the preceding verbs depending on ut.
[*] 184.26. damno: abl. of manner. The reference is to those killed by the German raid, chs. 37-40. [*] 184.27. coniuratione: see chs. 3 and 4. [*] 185.1. more maiorum: the ancient Roman mode of punishment was to flog the criminal to death, after which he was beheaded,—an extraordinary sentence to pronounce on a prisoner of war, It was this mode of punishment that was symbolized directly by the lictors' fasces. Concerted resistance （coniuratio） had come to be regarded as a flagrant crime, and its penalty was more and more bloody as time went on—as we see in the two succeeding Books. [*] 185.2. aqua … interdixisset: i.e. banished them, forbade them to return to Gaul. [*] 185.4. Agedinci: locative. [*] 185.6. ad conventus agendos: cf. 48 28.
