BOOK FIFTH.—B.C. 54.
SECOND INVASION OF BRITAIN.—The landing of the previous year had been only a reconnaissance. Caesar now determines upon a regular advance and occupation. The earlier part of the season was chiefly taken up with naval preparations. The ships were apparently built on the inland streams, and the rigging and outfit brought from Spain, which was considerably in advance of Gaul in civilization. It abounded in metals, and, in particular, furnished the esparto, or Spanish grass, whose long, tough fibre made the best of cordage. Caesar sails （by the reckoning of Napoleon III） on the 20th of July from Portus Itius, at or near Boulogne, drifting first with wind and tide some distance to the northeast, then making his way to his former landing. READING REFERENCES ON THE SECOND INVASION OF BRITAIN Abbott's Julius Caesar, pp. 97-106. Dodge's Caesar, chap. 12. Fowler's Julius Caesar, pp. 199-206. Froude's Caesar, last part of chap. 16. Merivale's Hist. of Rome, Vol. I. pp. 384-389. Mommsen's Hist of Rome, Vol. IV. pp. 313-315. Napoleon's Caesar, Vol. II. chap. 8. Scarth's Roman Britain, chaps. 2 and 3. Tacitus's Agricola. Trollope's Caesar, chap. 6.[*] 117.1. L. Domitio, etc.: cf. 94 1 and note. The consuls entered on their office Jan. 1, according to the official calendar; the real date appears to have been Dec. 12. Caesar's visit to Italy was therefore probably later. [*] 117.2. ut quotannis, etc.: cf. 48 28, 73 7. [*] 117.4. navis: see chapter on military affairs, IX. — navīs … curent, have as many vessels as possible built during the winter and the old ones repaired: cf. 82 7, 11 5, and note. [*] 117.5. modum formamque, style of build. [*] 117.6. subductionis: the vessels of the ancients were usually 'beached' and not left at anchor. —humiliores: agrees with eas, the understood object of facit. See note on 62 16. [*] 117.7. nostro: i.e. the Mediterranean. [*] 117.8. id: sc. tacit （§ 319 (206. c); B. 166. 3; H. 388. 5 (368. 3. N. 1); H-B. 222. a）. [*] 117.9. minus magnos seems to refer to the smooth ocean swell, compared with the angry "chopping seas" of the Mediterranean. [*] 117.10. iumentorum: not pack-animals so much as horses for his cavalry, the lack of which he felt so seriously the year before; see 110 6-9. [*] 117.11. actuarias, fitted with oars as well as sails. The Gallic ships, it will be remembered, did not have oars. See Bk. iii. ch. 14. [*] 117.12. humilitas: as compared with the high-banked galleys. [*] 117.13. armandas, fitting out; see introductory note. [*] 117.14. conventibus, proconsular or provincial courts. These courts were regularly held in the winter; cf. 48 29. [*] 117.15. Illyricum: cf. 73 7. —Pirustis: a tribe long allied with Rome, inhabiting the valley of the Drina. [*] 117.17. imperat: in the sense of to levy, to make requisition for; impero takes the acc. of the thing levied and the dat. of the person upon whom the levy is made. [*] 118.5. arbitros, arbitrators. [*] 118.6. litem, amount of damages. — poenam: i.e. the amount of compensation to be paid. [*] 118.8. Galliam revertitur: Caesar's activity during these winter months had been remarkable. He left his troops in Belgium about Jan. 1, travelled all through Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul, crossed over to Illyricum, and returned to his army again early in the spring. The distance was at least 2000 miles.
[*] 118.9. circumitis, having inspected; see last note on 49 6 （§ 388. b (237. d); G. 331; H. 406 (372); H-B. 391. 2. ftn.）. [*] 118.10. studio, etc.: i.e. the energy of the soldiers in building the vessels under difficulties. [*] 118.12. neque … quin, and are not far from the condition that; eo is antecedent to the vague relative idea in quin, etc. [*] 118.15. Itium: Boulogne or Wissant, either of which agrees with the account （cf. Bk. iv. ch. 23, and note on 107 6）. [*] 118.17. XXX: a little less than 28 English miles. — [transmissum]: omit in translation. [*] 118.18. satis … militum, enough soldiers: part. gen. [*] 118.19. Treverorum, a tribe reckoned as Gauls or Celts, but believed to be, in part at least, of German origin. Their name appears in the modern Trèves. This, their principal town （Augusta Treverorum）, was long the seat of Roman power in Northern Gaul. [*] 118.20. concilia, assemblies, held by a province or confederacy for consultation or law-making. Caesar seems to have organized such assemblies under his own authority in Belgic Gaul after its conquest. —veniebant, etc. notice the force of the imperf. tense; see § 471. f (277. g); G. 233. [*] 118.22. dicebantur the personal form is regularly used with the tenses of incomplete action.
[*] 118.23. Galliae: part. gen.; § 346. a (216. a. 2); B. 201. 1; G. 372; H. 442 (397. 3); H-B. 346. [*] 118.24. ut supra demonstravimus: Bk. iii. ch. II. [*] 118.27. alter, the latter, Cingetorix, the son-in-law of Indutiomarus. [*] 119.1. suos: i.e. clansmen, retainers, etc. Cingetorix offers to bring his nation under Roman authority on condition of ruling them himself as a subject or friend of Rome. [*] 119.3. at: marking the transition to the other man. [*] 119.4. cogere: with instituit, l. 8. [*] 119.5. Arduennam: this hilly and forest region makes the natural frontier between Gaul and the Netherlands, and is the seat of the famous Belgian iron mines. [*] 119.11. petere: used absolutely （i.e. without an object）, ask his decision or assistance. — civitati, etc.: they were prevented by Indutiomarus from taking any measures for the general good, and so asked favors of Caesar for themselves individually. [*] 119.12. possent: the reason given by these Gauls, hence the subjv. [*] 119.16. laberetur, lit., fall off （from obedience）. [*] 119.17. se … eius fidei permissurum, to put … under his protection.
[*] 119.22. omnibus … comparatis, now that, etc. [*] 119.28. quod cum, etc.: Caesar seems to think this double dealing needs some excuse. [*] 119.29. cum … intellegebat, considered on the one hand.— cum … tum: see vocab.; eius refers to Cingetorix, se to Caesar. — merito eius, according to his deserts （§ 418. a (253. N.); cf. B. 220. 3; G. 397; H. 480 (424); cf. H-B. 414）. — magni interesse: § 417 (252. a); B. 203. 3; G. 380; H. 440. 3 (396. v); H-B. 356. 1. [*] 120.2. [suam … minui]: in app. with id factum, and may be translated, though not necessary to the sense. [*] 120.3. qui … fuisset = while, etc. （see § 535. e (320. e); cf. B. 283. 3. b; G. 634; H. 586. ii (515. iii); H-B. 523）. [*] 120.4. hoc dolore, this grievance; properly, indignation at this.
[*] 120.6. in Meldis: these people were on the Marne, near Meaux. The ships were built here, probably for convenience of timber; they were low and of light draft （ch. 1）, and proved too frail for the Channel waters （ch. 10; cf. Bk. iii. ch. 9, where sturdier craft are built upon the Loire）. [*] 120.8. eodem （adv.） = in eundem locum. [*] 120.13. loco, in the condition （§ 429. 3 (254. a); B. 228. 1. b; G. 385. N. 1; H. 485. 2 (425. 2); H-B. 436）. [*] 120.14. cum … abesset, while he should be away: a fut. idea （cum abero） thrown into the past by verebatur.
[*] 120.15. Dumnorix: as it appears, he had been kept four years under strict surveillance （18 11）. [*] 120.19. accedebat huc quod, to this was added the fact that; cf. 84 2 for a different construction after accedebat. [*] 120.20. deferri: the present expresses the action as in process of completion, i.e. that Caesar was making arrangements, or intended, or the like. [*] 120.21. neque, and yet not , a very common force of the word ; cf. note on 80 11. [*] 120.25. timeret, diceret: cf. possent, 119 12. [*] 120.26. religionibus, scruples, perhaps in regard to leaving the country or crossing the sea; among superstitious peoples such ideas are common. [*] 121.2. territare: histor. infin.; see 13 18 and note. [*] 121.3. esse: depending on a verb of saying implied in metu territare. —fieri ut, etc., it was coming to pass that, etc.; or may be translated, that Gaul was, etc., compressing the two clauses into one. [*] 121.6. interponere: same constr. as sollicitare. — ex usu, to the advantage. [*] 121.7. intellexissent: here represents the fut. perf. of dir. disc. [*] 121.8. deferebantur: note the force of the tense.
[*] 121.9. quod … statuebat: i.e. the severity shown to Dumnorix was proportioned to the favor and consequence granted by Caesar to his state. [*] 121.11. longius, too far. [*] 121.12. prospiciendum [esse], that precautions must be taken; depends on statuebat. [*] 121.13. quid … nocere, to do some harm to; quid is cognate or adv. acc., § 390. d. N. 2 (240. a. N.); B. 176. 3. a; G. 333; H. 409. 1 (371. ii, 378); cf. H-B. 396. 2, cf. 387. iii. [*] 121.14. commoratus: i.e. during the delay （cf. 93 4）. — Corus （or Caurus）, the northwest wind. [*] 121.15. omnis temporis, every season of the year; the windmills on this coast are said to have had their sails set permanently to the northwest. [*] 121.18. milites: i.e. the legionary infantry. [*] 121.19. at: note its force and cf. 119 3. — omnium impeditis animis, while the attention of all was occupied. [*] 121.24. si vim … iubet: informal indir. disc. The direct would be, Si vim facit neque paret, interficite [eum]. [*] 121.25. pro sano, rationally. [*] 121.26. neglexisset: the tense depends on arbitratus, which is, however, essentially present in meaning （see note on commoratus, l. 14）. [*] 121.28. liberum, etc. Caesar takes no pains to conceal the violence of his acts. He had no authority over Dumnorix except that of the stronger.
[*] 122.7. pro tempore et pro re, to suit the time and circumstance. [*] 122.8. pari … quem, the same … as, etc. （i.e. 2000）, as in l. 5. [*] 122.10. Africo: the southwest wind. [*] 122.12. sub sinistra: i.e. he had drifted to the northeast （see map, Fig. 65）. The voyage has been carefully calculated as follows: Caesar weighed anchor at sunset （about 8 P.M.）. A gentle breeze was then blowing from the southwest; but at the same time a tidal current was setting towards the southwest. Under the impulse of these two forces, the fleet kept a north-westerly course until about midnight. The wind then died down, and the current also began to set in the opposite direction （northeast）. With this current the Romans drifted, and at dawn the British coast appeared on their left. They had passed by （relictam） the North Foreland, and were drifting farther away from the land. But at about this time （5 A.M.） the tide changed, and the current again began to flow towards the southwest. With its help, and that of the oars, the fleet now began to move tou arcs the land, aiming to reach the same point that had been found in the previous expedition to be the most convenient for debarking. Here they arrived at about noon （von Göler）. [*] 122.15. superiore aestate: cf. Bk. iv. ch. 23. [*] 122.16. virtus,pluck, spirit. — gravibusque, and heavy-laden besides.— navigiis: abl. of means. [*] 122.18. accessum est （impers.）: the landing was probably near Walmer Castle. [*] 122.20. cum: concessive. [*] 122.22. quae … amplius DCCC, more than 800 of which: subj. of visae erant.—annotinis, those built the year before.—sui commodi: pred. gen. （§ 343. b (214. c); B. 198. 3; G. 366. R. 1; H. 447 (403); H-B. 340）, here expressing purpose; cf. note on deiciendi, 104 11. These were vessels that the rich members of Caesar's staff had had built for their own use.
[*] 122.27. cohortibus x: i.e. two from a legion. [*] 123.1. navibus: dat. [*] 123.3. noctu: not nocte; see vocab. [*] 123.5. equitatu atque essedis: abl. of accomp. without cum; （§ 413. a (248. a. N.); B. 222. 1; G. 392. R. 1; H. 474. 2 (419. iii. 1. 1); H-B. 420.）. — flumen: the Stour, which flows north-easterly through Canterbury. — superiore: the north bank is higher ground than the opposite. [*] 123.11. ipsi … propugnabant, they themselves rushed out of the woods in small parties to fight. [*] 123.12. testudine facta et aggere … adiecto: from the rapidity with which this agger was completed, it is evident that it was not the elaborate structure required in attacking more formidable defences, but more like that described in Bk. iii. ch. 25. We may also infer that the Bntish strong-hold was only rudely fortified.
[*] 124.5. tripartito: i.e: following different roads. [*] 124.7. extremi: i.e. the rear of the retreating enemy. [*] 124.8. Atrio: who had been placed in command of the camp, 123 3. [*] 124.12. concursu: referring to the violent driving together of the ships after they had broken from their moorings.
[*] 124.15. revocari: i.e. those who were in advance and out of sight.—resistere, to halt: i.e. those who were near. [*] 124.17. coram perspicit: i.e. after a careful and thorough personal examination. Caesar did not leave important duties of this sort to subordinates. — sic ut, etc.: i.e. he sees that the account of the disaster is true to the extent that, etc.; ut and similar words often have a limiting meaning; cf. tantum, meaning only so much. [*] 124.19. fabros deligit: a certain number of carpenters （fabri lignarii） was attached to the engineer corps of the army, but Caesar seems to have had no regular engineer corps, except that a praefectus fabrum was on his staff. See chapter on military affairs, I. 4. [*] 124.20. legionibus: abl. of means. [*] 124.26. easdem quas, the same as; see 122 27. [*] 124.27. eodem （cf. note on 120 8）, i.e. to the British defences on the Stour. [*] 125.4. a mari: probably from Caesar's place of landing. The distance is reckoned, not in a straight line, but by the roads, as the army marched. [*] 125.5. huic, etc.: "The brave and cautious prince Cassivellaunus （Caswallon）, who ruled in what is now Middlesex and the surrounding district, — formerly the terror of the Celts to the south of the Thames, but now the protector and champion of the whole nation " （Mommsen）. — huic … cum reliquis civitatibus … intercesserant, had occurred between him and the other states; note the idiomatic construction.
[*] 125.8. natos in insula: they were not, however, indigenous, but a Celtic population following an earlier Iberian race. [*] 125.9. proditum [esse]: the subj. is quos natos [esse] in insula.—pars: sc. incolitur. [*] 125.11. eis nominibus: for example, Atrebates and Belgae. [*] 126.3. Gallicis: brief references to the Gallic customs of building are made in Bk. v. ch. 43, and Bk. vi. ch.30; see also introductory chapter on Gaul and the Gauls. [*] 126.4. [aut nummo aereo]: omit in translation. [*] 126.6. plumbum album: Caesar is mistaken in placing tin mines inland and iron on the coast; it was just the other way. The tin mines of Cornwall were known to the Phcenicians from the earliest times. He does not say whether iron was used in the arts, which, if true, would imply a pretty advanced civilization. [*] 126.7. exigua: the great mineral wealth of England was then unknown. [*] 126.9. fagum atque abietem: another error; the beech and fir are both native to Britain. [*] 126.10. gallinam, etc.: it is of interest to note that these domestic fowls were known to the savage Britains; see Fig. 113. [*] 126.12. frigoribus, seasons of cold.
[*] 126.17. ad Hispaniam, etc. i.e. he places Spain west of Britain on the same side as Ireland. For this crude geography, cf. Tacitus （Agric. 34）, who says that Ireland is between Britain and Spain. Caesar conceives Britain as lying somewhat in the accompanying form. [*] 126.20. atque, as （§ 324. c (156. a); B. 341. 1. c; G. 643; H. 657. 1. N. (554. 1. 2. N.); H-B. 307. 2. a.）; i.e. the distance from Ireland to Britain is the same as that from Britain to Gaul.
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| Figure 125a. |
[*] 127.6. interiores: the ruder barbarians here described are probably represented by the later Picts, whose name Picti （cf. picti, painted ） has been thought to denote their woad-staining. The woad plant, Isatis tinctoria, akin to the common shepherd's purse, is still used somewhat for dyeing. [*] 127.11. parte: § 415 (251); B. 224; G. 400; H. 473. ii (419. ii); H-B. 443. [*] 127.13. sed qui sunt, etc., but the children of these wives are regarded as belonging to the man to whom each maiden was first espoused. [*] 127.14. quo （adv.） here stands for ad quos （§ 321. a (207. a); G. 611. R. 1; H. 307. 4 (304. ii. 3. N.); H-B. 284. 10.）.
[*] 127.16. essedarii: see Bk. iv. ch. 33. [*] 127.18. fuerint: for tense. see 85 14 and note. [*] 127.25. atque his, and these, too.—primis: the first cohorts had the best soldiers. See chapter on military affairs, I. 7 （last part）. [*] 127.27. per medios: i.e. through the interval between the two cohorts.
[*] 128.11. [equestris, etc.]: this parenthesis may be translated.—cedentibus et insequentibus （abl. abs.）: with eis understood, referring to the Britons. Whether advancing or retreating, the islanders were equally formidable. [*] 128.14. proeliarentur: this clause is conceived as a result, and hence is expressed by ut with the subjv., instead of the usual construction with quod and indic; cf. 120 19 and note.—stationes, supports. It will be observed that the Britons showed considerable military skill, and that their mode of battle somewhat resembled that of the Romans themselves. They used an open and flexible array, rather than the dense masses （phalanges） of the Gauls and Germans.
[*] 128.24. quoad: observe that the indic. follows, and cf. 100 2 and note. [*] 128.25. subsidio confisi: cf. 91 13. [*] 128.27. sui conligendi: cf. 77 3, 115 2. [*] 129.1. facultatem: cf. note on 16 7. —ex, directly after.
[*] 129.5. uno loco: somewhere between Brentford and the mouth of the Wey. The details of Caesar's march are here uncertain. [*] 129.13. capite solo: a most hazardous depth. By the rule for modern infantry, a ford should not be more than three feet deep. But, says Merivale, "the swimming and fording of rivers were among the regular exercises of the Roman legionary. Though immersed up to his chin in water, he was expert in plying his hatchet against the stakes which opposed his progress, while he held his buckler over his head not less steadily than on dry land. Behind him a constant storm of stones and darts was impelled against the enemy from the engines which always accompanied the Roman armies."
[*] 130.1. supra: i.e. 129 1-3. [*] 130.3. servabat, excedebat, etc.: note the imperfects, expressing customary and repeated action, he used to: cf. 1218. [*] 130.4. locis, regionibus: loc. abl.—locisque impeditis ac silvestribus: from this description we must infer that the British chariots were very narrow, to pass through the forest roads, and had high wheels, to go easily over rough ground. [*] 130.7. cum … eiecerat: a general condition ; see note on cum, 84 22. Other instances of general conditions occur 103 24, 109 15, 110 3. [*] 130.9. emittebat, confligebat, prohibebat: the subj. is Cassivellaunus. [*] 130.10. hoc … prohibebat, by fear of this kept them [sc. eos] from roving too widely. [*] 130.11. relinquebatur ut, the consequence was that. [*] 130.12. discedi: impersonal. [*] 130.13. tantum … quantum: correlatives; see vocab. [*] 130.14. noceretur: impers., governs the dat. hostibus; cf. note on 56 24.
[*] 130.16. Trinobantes: in Essex. Their chief place was Camulodunum, later Colonia Castrum, now Colchester. This defection was soon followed by the break-up of the Briton confederacy. [*] 130.18. [Galliam]: omit in translation. [*] 130.23. mittat: sc. aliquem. [*] 130.24. his imperat obsides: see note on 117 17.
[*] 131.2. Cenimagni, etc.: these were petty populations of the vicinity. [*] 131.4. oppidum Cassivellauni: thought to be the modern St. Albans. [*] 131.6. oppidum, etc.: the Britons, like the Germans, did not live in towns but used these strongholds simply for defence against attack. [*] 131.7. cum, whenever, another general condition; cf. 130 7 and note. The preceding case refers to repeated action in past time, this to the present of a general truth. Notice the difference between these cases and the regular descriptive cum in narration. [*] 131.9. consuerunt: what tense in translation? [*] 131.14. multi: i.e. the people, not the cattle.
[*] 131.17. supra: see 127 5. [*] 131.18. regionibus: implying that Kent （Cantium） was divided into four recognized military commands. [*] 131.20. castra navalia: i.e. the fortified camp on the beach, surrounding the beached ships. See 124 21-25. [*] 131.28. neque multum aestatis: Caesar had now been in Britain about two months （cf. ch. 23）. The dates assigned by Napoleon III for his sailing and return are July 20 and Sept. 21. [*] 131.29. extrahi, protracted, i.e. wasted. Besides, Caesar had just learned of the death of his daughter Julia, Pompey's wife, which threatened the dissolution of the triumvirate, and gave him strong reason for wishing to be nearer home. [*] 132.1. vectigalis （part. gen.）: this was mere form, as no means were left to enforce the tribute.
[*] 132.7. commeatibus: here has its original meaning; see vocab. [*] 132.8. accidit uti, etc.: cf. 130 11 for a similar construction. [*] 132.10. portaret, remitterentur: subjv. of characteristic. [*] 133.1. [et]: omit.—prioris commeatus, etc., after the soldiers of the first trip had been landed. [*] 133.2. quas: refers back to ex eis.—faciendas curaverat, had had made: cf. 82 7, 11 5. Labienus had been ordered to build these directly after the big storm; see 124 20. [*] 133.3. locum: i.e. Britain.—caperent, reicerentur: in the same construction as desideraretur. [*] 133.6. aequinoctium: cf. 115 19 and note.
FRESH RISINGS OF THE GAULS.—The remaining events of this campaign are among the most critical of the entire Gallic war, and show to what extreme peril Caeasar had exposed his conquests by his expedition across the Channel. They serve, besides, to bring out in very marked relief the personal qualities of his several lieutenants. As a series of episodes, this Book is, in fact, the most interesting of the eight. The Romans did not visit Britain again till A.D. 43, in the reign of Claudius. READING REFERENCES ON THE GALLIC REBELLIONS. Dodge's Caesar, chap. 13. Fowler's Julius Caesar, chap. 13 （first part）. Froude's Caesar, chap. 17. Holmes's Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, pp. 76-93. Merivale's Hist. of Rome, Vol. 1. pp. 390-398. Mommsen's Hist. of Rome, Vol. IV. pp. 317-323. Napoleon's Caesar, Vol. II. chap. 8 （last part）; see also Appendix D, on Caesar's Lieutenants. Trollope's Caesar, chap. 6 （last part）. [*] 133.10. Samarobrivae （locative）: the chief town of the Ambiani, whose name is found in the modern Amiens. [*] 133.12. aliter ac: i.e. distributing them where supplies were most abundant, not where there was most danger of disturbance, as in previous years. The location of these camps has been much disputed. The most common view puts Fabius at St. Pol, Cicero at Charleroy （or possibly Namur）, Roscius at Séez in Normandy, Labienus on the Ousthe （in Luxembourg）, Crassus, Plancus, and Trebonius not far from Amiens, Sabinus and Cotta at Tongres. These places do not quite agree with the description unless we take the hundred mile limit （133 29） as the radius of a circle, a meaning which seems improbable. But this division is perhaps near enough. [*] 133.15. ducendam: gerundive expressing purpose; cf. faciendas, l. 2 （§ 500. 4 (294. d); B. 337. 7. b. 2; G. 430; H. 622 (544 2. N. 2); H-B. 605. 2）.—Q. Ciceroni: the younger brother of the orator, and a man of tougher fibre and of great military and executive ability. He had joined Caesar's army that very year and had taken part in the expedition to Britain. Quintus, like his brother Marcus, sided with Pompey in the Civil War, and met a similar fate in the same year （B. C. 43） at the command of the triumvirs. [*] 133.20. proxime, latest. This was the 14th legion, enrolled in B.C. 57.—trans Padum: i.e. from Rome to the north. [*] 133.21. cohortis: these must have been troops not organized into a legion, probably provincials. [*] 133.25. inopiae: dat.with mederi; § 367. b (227. b); G. 346. N. 4; H. 385. ii. N. 3; H-B. 364. 5. [*] 133.29. quoad … cognovisset: cf. 128 24. Why is the indic. used there and the subjv. here?
[*] 134.3. Carnutibus: in the vicinity of Chartres. [*] 134.4. huic: indir. obj. of restituerat. [*] 134.7. restituerat: this act of restoring chiefs exiled by the democracy of the tribes was peculiarly odious to the Gauls, as here appears. [*] 134.8. auctoribus （abl. abs.）: i.e. either at their instigation, or, at any rate, with their consent. [*] 134.12. quorum: the antecedent is hos. [*] 134.13. comprehensos mittere: cf. 5 5, 55 3, and notes. [*] 134.14. [legatis quaestoribusque] omit in translation.
[*] 134.17. diebus … quibus, within a fortnight after, etc. [*] 134.19. cum: concessive; cf. 122 20.—Sabino: see § 367. a N. 2 (227. N. 2); H-B. 362. ftn. 3. b. [*] 134.20. praesto, in attendance upon, as obedient subjects. [*] 135.1. Indutiomari: for the bitter offence given him by Caesar, see above, ch. 4. [*] 135.2. subitoque, etc., and after suddenly surprising the wood-cutters. [*] 135.7. aliqui: the usual form is aliquis （§ 151. e (105. d); B. 252. 2; G. 107; H. 187. N. 1 (190. N. 2); H-B. 142）.
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| Figure 126. Oppugnatio. Note: This cut represents an attack by both land and water, in which no agger is employed. While in these respects unlike the attack on Gallic towns, it shows very clearly some siege implements in active use. |
[*] 135.12. eques, a knight, a member of the equestrian order, the commercial aristocracy of Rome. [*] 135.19. Aduatuci: subj. of tenuissent. [*] 135.20. fecerit: by sequence of tense we should have fecisset, but see note on 51 11. Note several similar cases in this speech. [*] 135.22. imperia, sovereignty. The word is used in English abstractly, referring to all cases; while in Latin each act of sovereignty is regarded as a separate imperium. Observe the emphasis on sua, that HIS OWN sovereignty was of such a nature. [*] 135.26. humilitate, weakness. [*] 135.27. rerum: § 349. a (218. a); B. 204. 1; G. 374; H. 451. 1 (399. i. 2); H-B. 354. [*] 135.28. > omnibus … oppugnandis: dat. of gerundive expressing purpose; see 76 21 and note. [*] 136.1. non … potuisse, that Gauls could not easily say 'no' to Gauls. [*] 136.4. pro pietate: pietas implies the love of a child to a parent; here, of course, to his native land, patriotism. [*] 136.5. rationem offici, regard to his duty. [*] 136.8. hanc: i.e. manum. — ipsorum, etc.: i.e. it was for themselves to consider. [*] 136.13. quod cum faciat, in so doing, subjv. merely from indir. disc. [*] 136.14. hibernis: i.e. the burden of providing grain for the soldiers.
[*] 136.21. ausam [esse], with civitatem.—consilium: as the two legates had one and one-half legions under their command, the council of war contained, besides the legates, nine military tribunes, and either nine or six centurions, according as the half legion did or did not include the first cohort. Thus there were in the council either twenty or seventeen persons. [*] 136.26. [magnas] may be omitted. [*] 136.27. quod … sustinuerint: in apposition with rem. [*] 137.2. quid esse, etc.: see note on 12 8. — auctore hoste, on the advice of the enemy.
[*] 137.6. proximis, nearest. This camp was farthest off from the main body, and hence if the nearest camps should be taken, the forces could not easily withdraw in safety. [*] 137.7. se: i.e. Titurius. [*] 137.9. fuisse capturos: in dir. cepissent, a contrary-to-fact apodosis; see § 517 (308); B. 304; G. 597; H. 579 (510); H-B. 581. [*] 137.10. nostri: obj. gen; § 295. b (194. b); B. 242. 2; G. 304. 2; H. 500. 4 (446. N. 3); H-B. 254. a. — venturos esse: for venirent of the dir., the apodosis of a pres. condition contrary to fact. We should expect venturos fuisse; § 589. N. 3 (337. b. N. 3); B. 321. 1. a; G. 659; H. 647 (527. iii); H-B. 581. b. 1. [*] 137.11. auctorem: cf. auctore hoste, l. 2. — spectare, sc. se. [*] 137.12. Ariovisti mortem: he had, however, escaped after the battle （Bk. i. ch. 53）. [*] 137.13. ardere, is in a blaze. [*] 137.16. persuaderet: dir. persuadeat, a deliberative question. [*] 137.18. esset: dir. erit, a fut. protasis; § 516. a (307. a); B. 302. 1; G. 595; H. 574 (508); H-B. 579. a. [*] 137.20. consentiret: pres. inc. in dir., a simple condition.—esse … positam: dir. est posita, a past apodosis with a pres. protasis. [*] 137.22. habere: cf. esse, l. 2. [*] 137.23. esset: dir. est.
[*] 137.26. primis ordinibus = primorum ordinum centurionibus. [*] 137.27. id: sc. he said from preceding inquit. [*] 138.2. ex vobis: instead of a part. gen. after gravissime. — hi: i.e. the magna pars militum who were listening. [*] 138.3. acciderit, etc.: a more vivid fut. condition; for the tense, see § 516. c (307. c); B. 303; G. 244; H. 540. 2 (473); cf. H-B. 577. a. [*] 138.4. liceat, etc.: a less vivid fut. condition.
[*] 138.8. comprehendunt: i.e. the centurions.—utrumque: i.e. Sabinus and Cotta. [*] 138.12. res disputatione perducitur, the question is debated at length. [*] 138.13. dat manus （a formal sign of surrender）, gives in. [*] 138.14. pronuntiatur, wordis given out. [*] 138.15. ituros [esse]: sc. eos; see second note on 59 23. [*] 138.18. [omnia, etc.]: this passage has been questioned, but it seems to mean that all the measures taken were devised as if on purpose to make it dangerous to remain, and to increase the danger of departure through the fatigue and demoralization of the men. [*] 138.20. ut quibus, etc., as if they were convinced that: （§ 535. e (320. e, 230); B. 283. 3. a, 187. ii. b; G. 634, 217; H. 586. ii, 426. 3 (515. iii, 384. 5); H-B. 523, 364. 2）. [*] 138.22. [Ambiorige]: omit in translation. —longissimo: the line of march was very long, as it might well be under a guaranteed safe conduct, and consequently very weak.
[*] 138.24. at: note the force and cf. 119 3, 121 19. —fremitu vigiliisque: almost a hendiadys, i.e. the noise caused by the soldiers who took no rest; cf. 28 25 and note. [*] 138.26. a milibus, etc., about two miles off. On this use of a, cf. 54 9. [*] 138.28. convallem: a valley enclosed on all sides. In such a place of course the Romans were at a disadvantage. [*] 139.1. ex utraque, etc.: i.e. at each end, attacking the advance which was coming up out of the glen, and the rear from the heights at the other end.
[*] 139.5. tum demum: implying, as always, 'not till then,' here with the further idea that he ought to have roused himself before.—providisset: a rel. clause of cause; see § 535. e (320. e); B. 283. 3; G. 633; H. 592 (517); H-B. 523. —trepidare: histor. infin.; for use, cf. note on flagitare, 13 18. [*] 139.9. cogitasset: cf. providisset, l. 5. [*] 139.14. quoque: from quisque. [*] 139.15. possent: the subj. is Cotta and Titurius. [*] 139.16. in orbem: see note on 116 1. A modern army would form a hollow square. The orbis also was hollow, having room within for the higher officers, the non-combatants, the wounded, etc. [*] 140.5. accidit … ut, etc. （cf. 132 8）: this clause is divided into three parts with the verbs discederent, properaret, complerentur, the first two being connected by -que （quaeque）. [*] 140.8. fletu: not from cowardice. These men fought with splendid courage. It was their way of showing their feelings.
[*] 140.9. at barbaris, etc.: showing the contrast with the behavior of the Romans about their valuables. [*] 140.13. existimarent: for imperat. of dir. disc. （§ 588 (339); B. 316; G. 652; H. 642 (523. iii); H-B. 538）. — [erant, etc.]: these bracketed words may be omitted, as also in the passage below. [*] 140.14. a fortuna: i.e. the goddess fortune, as is shown by the preposition. [*] 140.15. quotiens procurrerat, … cadebat: a general condition referring to past time; cf. 130 7, 131 7. [*] 140.21. ad signa recipientīs: the standards remained fixed during these sorties, thus indicating the alignment of the circle.
 |
| Figure 127. Signum. |
[*] 140.22. cum … excesserat, as often as, etc., equivalent to a general condition; cf. note on l. 15 above （§ 518. b (309. c); B. 288. 3; G. 584; H. 601. 4 (521. ii. 1), with last example）. [*] 140.24. eam partem, etc.: when the soldiers from one side of the orbis made a sally, that side, of course, had no defenders. [*] 140.27. proximi, etc.: only those immediately opposite the sally had fled, and so the party on its return was attacked at once by the enemy remaining on both flanks and also by the late fugitives. [*] 141.1. vellent: not contrary to fact, but a future condition thrown into the past; see § 516. f (307. f); H-B. 580. b. [*] 141.4. resistebant, they kept on fighting. Note the force of the tense. [*] 141.6. esset: characteristic subjv. [*] 141.7. Balventio: connect with femur; dat. of reference where we might have expected a gen. of possession; but the Latin is especially fond of this construction.—qui . . duxerat: as he had been chief centurion the year before, we infer that he was now serving in the corps of veterans called evocati. See chapter on military affairs, IV. a.
[*] 141.15. rogatum: supine; cf. 26 15. [*] 141.18. ipsi vero, etc., that to him, certainly, no harm will be done; nihil is acc. of specif. and nocitum iri impers. Instead of the latter we should expect fore ut noceatur. [*] 141.21. sperare se, etc., that he hopes to be able to obtain a request from him so far as pertairs to their own safety and that of the soldiers.
[*] 141.24. quos … tribunos militum = eos tribunos militium quos. [*] 141.26. Ambiorigem: cf. 41 10 and note. [*] 142.1. condicionibus: i.e. of surrender. [*] 142.8. aquilam: he thus saved the standard from disgrace, — a characteristic and truly heroic act. [*] 142.11. se interficiunt: a death worthy of Roman soldiers. This was the most serious loss that Caesar sustained during the Gallic war. There must have been at least 5000 men in the ill-fated command of Cotta and Sabinus. From this time on Caesar makes it his duty to avenge his massacred legion, and he carries on a relentless warfare against the Eburones and Ambiorix, until the former are exterminated and the latter becomes a hunted fugitive.
[*] 142.17. neque noctem neque diem intermittit: Ambiorix marched only one night and one day. More than that would have been expressed by nocturnis diurnisque itineribus; cf. 33 16. [*] 142.19. in Nervios: see introductory note to Bk. ii. and note on 68 18. [*] 142.23. nihil esse negoti, that it was a matter of no difficulty. — oppressam … interfici: render by two verbs, to be surprised and slain （§ 496. N. 2 (292. R.); B. 337. 2; G. 664. R. 1; H. 639 (549. 5); H-B. 604. 1）.
[*] 142.27. qui omnes: why not omnes qui? See note on 30 19. [*] 143.1. advolant: note the speed expressed in this verb. [*] 143.3. ut non nulli, etc.: cf. 135 2.
[*] 143.13. pertulissent: for the fut. perf., implied inc. disc. [*] 144.2. turres: these were open at the sides and behind, solidly timbered towards the enemy, and their object was, like that of the modern bastion, to shorten the length of wall to be occupied by the defence as well as to give the soldiers a still higher position from which to throw their missiles. In this case they were probably not more than three stories, or perhaps thirty feet, high. Each story was floored with a platform, on which the soldiers stood. The front and sides of each platform were protected by a parapet （loricae） of hurdles, to the height of about four feet. Above this projected a sort of battlement of stakes （pinnae）, or of hurdle standing erect, with spaces at intervals, through which the spears were hurled. The structure was square, of about ten feet on a side. Of these towers, it appears that on the first night only the framework was erected. On succeeding nights they were completed. Cf. Fig. 103. [*] 144.10. praeustae sudes: heavy stakes or piles of wood, sharpened at the end, and charred to harden the point. They were hurled by the tormenta; see Fig. 61. —muralium pilorum: javelins heavier than usual for the defence of the wall. [*] 144.11. contabulantur, were floored with plank. Possibly also the towers were connected by galleries, one for each story. [*] 144.12. cum: concessive. [*] 144.14. concursu ac vocibus = by the spontaneous movement and entreaties.
[*] 144.18. potestate: see note on 16 7. [*] 144.23. errare … si … sperent: simple condition, indir. disc.; cf. 137 19. —qui: referring to eis. [*] 144.24. hoc: with animo. [*] 144.25. ut, etc.: i.e. they will be friends, but not subjects; they only refuse to admit a standing military force. [*] 145.2. se adiutore utantur （for the imperat. of dir. disc.）, they may use him as an advocate.
[*] 145.5. hac spe: i.e. of betraying Cicero as they had betrayed Sabinus. —fossa pedum quindecim: a ditch 15 ft. wide would be 11 ft. deep. [*] 145.8. ab his: i.e. the captives. — nullā … copiā = having no supply, etc. （a sort of abl. abs.）. "They were not yet used, like the Romans, to fight with the spade." [*] 145.10. manibus sagulisque … exhaurire, to dig out with their hands and [carry] in their cloaks. A kind of zeugma, 640 (385); B. 374. 2. a; G. 690; H. 751. 2. N (636. ii. 1); H-B. 631. 7; but, as usual in such cases, the meaning of the verb really covers the thought by implication. [*] 145.13. XV: probably an error, as a circuit of fifteen miles seems out of the question; perhaps pedum, or else v, instead of xv. [*] 145.14. falcīs, hooks; see note on 84 22. —testudines: wooden galleries or sheds, to protect the undermining （see Figs. 33, 127）.
[*] 145.16. ferventis … glandis, red-hot balls of clay. [*] 145.18. casas: the huts of the encampment, thatched with straw. [*] 145.20. distulerunt: sc. ignem. [*] 145.21. clamore: see 142 4. [*] 145.26. non modo, etc.: needs a 'pulpit' paraphrase, which, after all, would be, like many, less forcible than the original. It is a masterly bit of compressed expression. Omit the bracketed words. [*] 146.2. pugnarent: same construction as respiceret and decederet. [*] 146.5. ut, etc.: this use of ut, as, is almost precisely parallel to the English causal as, inasmuch as. In fact, the expressions have really the same origin. milestone unit="smythp" id ="s146.6" n="146.6"/> intermissa, etc.: while the flames were raging, such exploits of attack and defence were of course impossible. [*] 146.7. turri: this advance of a tower was quite in the manner of Roman attack. [*] 146.10. vellent: implied indir. disc.; in their words, si … vultis, cf. 121 24, （§ 592. 2 (341. c); B. 323; G. 662; H. 652 (529. ii); H-B. 536. a）. [*] 146.11. deturbati: i.e. the enemy.
[*] 146.13. erant, etc.: this superb bit of narrative, marvellous for its matter and its manner, shows the kind of soldiers with which the Romans conquered the world. Everywhere, where great deeds are done in personal prowess, you will find this mixture of rivalry and common spirit. These are the conditions of the great feats of the world. [*] 146.14. primis ordinibus: see chapter on military affairs, I. 7. [*] 147.1. habebant, used to have. [*] 147.2. de loco, for promotion or rank. [*] 147.5. locum, opportunity. [*] 147.8. sese vallo continet, remain within the wall. [*] 147.15. hic casus, etc.: i.e. the javelin, piercing his sword belt, twisted the scabbard of his sword out of his reach. [*] 147.18. Translate the bracketed words. [*] 147.21. in locum deiectus, etc., slipping into a hollow he fell. [*] 147.24. in contentione, in their rivalry.
[*] 147.28. quanto gravior … tanto crebriores, the more severe … the more frequent. [*] 148.5. a prima obsidione, at the beginning of the siege. [*] 148.8. in iaculo: i.e. the shaft of the spear was probably hollow and the letter was inserted in it. [*] 148.9. versatus, going about.
[*] 148.12. hora XI: i.e. about five or six o'clock. In this chapter and the following note the wonderful celerity of Caesar's movements and the quick obedience of his officers. [*] 148.14. milia passuum XXV: i.e. from Amiens to （probably） Montdidier. [*] 148.18. rei publicae, etc.: cf. 31 24 and last note. [*] 148.19. reliquam partem: the detachments under Roscius and Plancus were too far away.
[*] 148.23. antecursoribus: the vanguard of Crassus's cavalry, or his scouts. [*] 149.1. non ita, etc., not delaying for a moment. [*] 149.4. veritus ne: § 564 (331. f); B. 296. 2; G. 550. 2; H. 567 (498. iii); H-B. 502. 4. [*] 149.5. quos sciret = cum eos sciret: a causal clause. [*] 149.6. quanto … esset: indir. quest. depending on the verb of telling implied in litteras remittit. [*] 149.7. rem: i.e. the loss of Sabinus and Cotta.
[*] 149.12. duas: Caesar thus had only his own legion and that of Fabius, —a very small force to face the multitude of the enemy. [*] 149.17. Graecis litteris: i.e. in Greek letters. The Gauls were well acquainted with the Greek characters （26 4-6, 167 6）. According to Polyaenus, the despatch contained merely the words, " Caesar to Cicero. Be of good courage. Expect aid." [*] 149.20. amentum: the amentum was a small strap fastened to the middle of a light spear, in some cases, at any rate, giving it a whirling motion, like the rifle-ball of modern times. By its use the spear could be thrown twice as far and with better aim than without it, as has been proved by experiment. [*] 149.25. biduo, for two days （§ 424. c (259. c); B. 231. 1; G. 393; H. 486 (429); H-B. 439）. [*] 149.26. perlectam … recitat, having read it through （to himself）, he then recited it aloud in the assembly of the soldiers.
[*] 150.3. Gallum … repetit, asks again for the Gaul. [*] 150.4. supra: see 148 4-6. [*] 150.6. faciat: ut omitted; cf. note on 108 1. —se … eum: notice the difference in meaning. [*] 150.9. animo: abl. of specification. [*] 150.14. aequo animo, etc., he thought that he might well be content to slacken his speed. [*] 150.16. haec: referring to castra, and obj. of contrahit. —hominum: a pred. gen. after erant. [*] 150.17. milium VII: these legions averaged, then, 3500 men each, and this was somewhat less than the normal strength; see chapter on military affairs, I. I. [*] 150.18. angustiis viarum: i.e. narrow paths or streets within the camp; angustiis, a loose use of abl. of means, a very elastic construction. The abl. in Latin contains three different cases, from, with or by, and at, so that its range of meaning is very wide. [*] 150.19. hostibus: dat. of reference.
[*] 150.23. Galli: sc. sese continent. [*] 150.24. Caesar, etc.: translate as if Caesar sese continet ut, si, etc.—si … posset: future protasis of ut contenderet, which, expressing a purpose, has a future force; see § 516. d (307. d); G. 595; cf. H-B. 582. 2. The same construction is repeated in the next sentence. [*] 151.3. equites … castra: notice that with iubeo and veto either the person or the thing may be the subject of the dependent infin., or the verb may even be used impersonally, as in concursari.
[*] 151.12. velit: dir. volet. [*] 151.16. ea: an adverb. [*] 151.21. exuit: i.e. by forcing them to throw their arms away as they fled.
[*] 151.23. Omit the bracketed words. [*] 151.27. decimum quemque, one man in ten. [*] 152.6. certius: the letter of Labienus had given him the first news of this; see 149 7. [*] 152.7. rem gestam [esse]: i.e the destruction of Sabinus and Cotta. [*] 152.8. quod detrimentum = detrimentum quod; observe that a ref. clause standing first usually incorporates its antecedent. [*] 152.9. hoc: the usual abl. of cause （properly degree of difference） with comparatives. [*] 152.10. beneficio deorum: cf. 10 17 and note.
[*] 152.15. eo: i.e. at Cicero's camp. Caesar arrived there about three o'clock, and the news of his victory reached Labienus, sixty miles away, before midnight. [*] 152.19. Indutiomarus: see 120 2-4, 135 1. [*] 153.2. trinis: § 137. b (95. b); B. 81. 4. b; G. 97. R. 3; H. 164. 3 (174. 2. 3); H-B. 247. 1. a. [*] 153.4. ad exercitum manere: contrary to his usual course, which was, for political reasons, to keep in near communication with Italy. [*] 153.7. quid … caperent: what future plan they should adopt. [*] 153.10. quin … acciperet: result clause after neque … intercessit; see § 558 (319. d); B. 284. 3; G. 554; H. 570 (500. ii); cf. H-B. 521. 2. [*] 153.11. in his: i.e. consiliis or nuntiis. [*] 153.12. L. Roscio: see 133 16. [*] 153.13. [Gallorum]: may be translated. [*] 153.14. Aremoricae: i.e. the natives along the coast of the Atlantic. [*] 153.15. afuisse: notice the tense, they had been, but, etc.
[*] 153.19. alias … alias: see vocab. —cum … denuntiaret, by announcing, etc. The descriptive cum clause admits a great variety of translations. [*] 153.22. Cavarinum: obj. of interficere. [*] 153.23. Moritasgus: sc. regnum obtinebat, from regnum obtinuerant in the next line. [*] 153.24. adventu （abl. of time）, at the time of, etc. [*] 153.25. publico consilio, by general consent, or on the authority of the people, not a private act of revenge, or the like. —conati: agreeing with Senones.—ille: i.e. Cavarinus. [*] 153.26. regno domoque: i.e. as a king and as a citizen as well. [*] 154.1. valuit … attulit: these verbs have for their subject esse, etc., and such an influence did it have that some had been found, etc … . and such a change did this fact produce that, etc. [*] 154.4. alteros … alteros: see vocab. [*] 154.6. adeo （emphatic）, in fact. [*] 154.7. cum … tum maxime quod, not only for several other reasons, but especially because. [*] 154.8. praeferebantur, used to be held superior.
[*] 154.12. quin mitterent, etc.: cf. 153 10. [*] 154.15. ulli civitati, etc.: cf. 56 24. [*] 154.16. cum … dicerent: a common periphrasis for our pres. part. —bis: see Bk. i. chs. 31-54; Bk. iv. chs. 1-15. [*] 154.20. tota Gallia, throughout Gaul; see note on 150 18.
[*] 154.25. ultro veniri: i.e. that there was a spontaneous rising for his support. [*] 154.26. Senones, Carnutes: about Sens and Chartres. The latter are not mentioned before, but seem to have taken part against Cavarinus. [*] 154.28. defore si … coepisset: a fut. condition. What in dir. disc. ? [*] 155.1. hoc: subj. of est. [*] 155.2. quo, at which （lit. whither）. [*] 155.6. supra: see 118 25 ff.
[*] 155.10. huc: i.e.on his way to the Senones and Carnutes he will go through the territory of the Remi.
[*] 155.26. in dies: see vocab. [*] 156.1. arcessendos curaverat: cf. 117 4. [*] 156.10. praecipit: refers to peterent; interdicit to neu volneret.—proterritis hostibus, etc.: translate by a temporal clause, when, etc. [*] 156.13. mora reliquorum: lit. the delay of the others. The regular way of expressing the relation between two nouns is by the use of the genitive. Here the delay caused by the pursuit of the others is characteristically looked upon as belonging to them. Translate, by waiting to attack the others. [*] 156.14. spatium nactum, gaining time. [*] 156.18. redeuntis: i.e. from the pursuit of Indutiomarus.
