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Παφλαγόνες bring us back <*> Asia, and moreover to ‘Hither Asia.’ Their geographical position, ἐντὸς Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ indicated in 1. 6. 72, and less exactly 3. 90 (iii. satrapy). The Greek name (παφλάζειν) must have been bestowed by the early navigators, or colonists, in the Euxine, and is well known to Homer, Il. 2. 851, 5. 577. To the early Hellene those ‘Blusterers’ or ‘Sputterers’ were the ‘Barbarians’ κατ᾽ ἐξοχήν (as to Aristophanes Kleon was the perfect Paphlagonian, Knights, passim); but even to ‘Homer’ the name has become a purely geographical or ethnical term. Hekataios had madc mention of the Paphlagonian ὲσθής, had perhaps described it. Cp. Fr. 189 (=Steph. B. Υ̓ώπη).
κράνεα πεπλεγμένα: cp. c. 63 supra, Xenoph. Anab. 5. 4. 13 κράνη σκύτ<*>να οἷά περ τὰ Παφλαγονικά, κρώβυλον ἔχοντα κατὰ μέσον, ἐγγύτατα τιαροειδῆ. They supply a distinct type of armature, ἡ Παφλαγονικὴ σκευή, c. 73 infra. ἀσπίδας δὲ μικράς: in the Iliad (5. 577) they are ἀσπισταί, <*>ather suggesting large shields, probably a poetic licence: small spears, javelins, daggers suit the lighter shield.
Πέδιλα ... ἀνατείνοντα: not quite so high as those ascribed to the Sarangae, c. 67 supra.
Λίγυες: hardly to be confounded with Ligyes of the western Mediterranean (c. 165 infra), though Eustathius asserted that there were in Kolchis Λίγυες ἄποικοι τῶν Εὐρωπαίων, à propos the verse: ὃς εἰς Κυταίαν τὴν Λιβυστικὴν μολών. Cp. Berkelius, Steph. B. sub v. Κύτα (also Rawlinson iv.3 233). These eastern ‘Ligyes’ are unknown to history, but Rawlinson finds a link between E. and W. in the Thracian ‘Ligyaei’ of Aristotle, Fr. 284 (F.H.G. ii.=Macrob. Saturn. 1. 18, now athetised by V. Rose), and a point d'appui in the Caucasian ‘Iberians.’ Strabo (503) has Λῆγαι o<*> the Caucasus, and this name survives in the modern Lesghi (V. de St. Martin). Ματιηνοί: a term known to all the geographers, yet unknown to history. Some great confusion underlies its employment, which covers a district including Media, or part of Media, Assyria, and the country up to the Halys. (Cp. Hdt. IV.-VI., Appendix XIII.) Since writing l. cit. it has occurred to me that in the word we have a sobriquet of the Medes, Mada, whose empire had extended mainly over the parts in connexion with which the term is used. The name has come to Hdt. from Hekataios; cp. Steph. B. Μόσχοι: Κόλχων ἔθνος προσεχὲς τοῖς Ματιηνοῖς. Ἑκαταῖος Ἀσίᾳ (=Fr. 188). Steph. B. Ὑώπη: πόλις Ματιηνῶν προσεχὴς τοῖς Γορδίοις: Ἑκ. Ἀς. (=Fr. 189; cp. note 1. 1 supra). There may, however, have been some folk in eastern Anatolia whose name was confused with Mada: the Matieni of Hdt., so far as they stand for a real people, must be located in that quarter. As Rawlinson (iv.3 228 n.) well observes, the “Matieni” of the later geographers are merely “book-knowledge” not “real geography of their day.” Steph B. mentions ‘Sinope’ (à propos of the ἐθνικόν), which tempts conjecture in regard to ‘Hyope,’ the unknown city of the Matieni! Μαριανδυνοί τε καὶ Σύριοι. The Mariandyni (Mariandeni: Μαριανδηνοί Skymn. Fr. line 199) were known to Hekataios (Steph. B. sub v. Στεφανίς =H. Fr. 201), and their habitat, Mariandynia to Eupolis (Bothe, Fr. 18. 10 ὁρῶ. θεῶ νῦν τὴν Μαρι_ανδυνίαν but “Μαρι_ανδυνοῦ” Aischyl. Pers. 937), located by Xenophon (Anab. 6. 2. 1) pretty exactly west of the rivers Halys and Parthenios, and about the Megarian colony Herakleia (οὖσαν δ᾽ ἐν τῇ Μαριανδυνῶν χώρᾳ), and specified (Cyrop. 1. 1. 4) among the followers of Kyros (ἡγήσατο Μήδων . . κατεστρέψατο δὲ Σύρους, Ἀσσυρίους . . ἦρξε δὲ ... Παφλαγόνων καὶ Μαριανδυνῶν κτλ.). Strabo (295) assigns them a Thracian origin, with the Θυνοί and Βιθυνοί. Hdt. seems to class them with the Paphlagonians and Syrians (cp. 3. 90, satrapy iii.). The κακομέλετος ἰὰ Μαριανδυνοῦ θρηνητῆρος was yearly sounded in honour of a lovely youth yclept Borimos (Pollux), slain at the hunting (Athen. 14. 11, p. 619; cp. Pollux 4. 55 τιμᾶται δὲ θρηνώδει περὶ τὴν γεωργίαν ᾁσματι); Mariandynos, his brother, was said to have taught Hyagnis, father of Marsyas. καὶ αὐλοὶ δέ <δή> τινές είσι Μαριανδυνοὶἐπιτηδειότητα <-ότατα> ἔχοντες εἰς τὰς θρηνῳδίας (schol. Aischyl. l.c.).
οἱ δὲ Σύριοι οὗτοι ... Καππαδόκαι κ.: so again very clearly, but inverted, 1. 72 οἱ δὲ Καππαδόκαι ύπὸ Ἑλλήνων Σύριοι ὀνομάζονται. Cp. 5. 49. In the Achaimenid inseriptions they appear as the ‘Katapatuka,’ always next after the Armenians (Behistun, Persepolis, Nakshi-Rustam); in Hdt.'s map of the ‘Royal Road’ between Phrygians and Kilikians, 5. 49, 52. By Strabo (735) they are called Λευκόσυροι in distinction from the Syrians ‘beyond Tauros’ Καππάδοκες ἀμφότεροι, οἵ τε πρὸς τῷ Ταύρῳ καὶ οί πρὸς τῷ Πόντῳ, μέχρι νῦν Λευκόσυροι καλοῦνται, ὡς ἂν ὄντων τινῶν Σύρων καὶ μελάνων: οὖτοι δ᾽ εἰσὶν οἱ ἐκτὸς τοῦ Ταύρου. Kappadokia and the Kappadokians are well known to Xenophon and the historians of Alexander (e.g. Arrian): in Roman times the name was restricted to the southern portion of what had once been known as Kappadokia, the northern part having passed under the kingdom and province of Pontos. The ethnological character of the Kappadokians is doubtful: were they “Iranian” (Ed. Meyer). or “Semitio” (Duncker), or “Anatolian” (Kretschmer) for which the religion (at Komana) is a strong argument (Einleitung, p. 399); or was not the population mightily mixed? (The ‘Hittite’ not forgotten!)
Δῶτος ὁ Μεγασίδρου: neither name recurs except that Steph B. sub v. Δώτιον preserves rival views which traeed that Thessalian town to Dotos, a son of Pelasgos, or as others had it, a grandson of Hellen.
Γοβρύης ὁ Δαρείον τε καὶ Ἀρτυστώνης, an Achaimenid, full brother of Arsames, c. 69 supra.
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