Reginald Walter Macan, Herodotus, The Seventh, Eighth, & Ninth Books with Introduction and Commentary

---

---

ἐστάλατο: i.e. ἐστολισμένοι ἦσαν. “Scbweighaeuseriana lectio ἐσταλάδατο e duabus scripturis orta videbatur: ἐστάλατο et ἐσκευάδατο, illud a verbo στέλλειν boc a verbo σκευάζειν,” Baebr. Cp. Hesiod, Scut. 288.

Κύπριοι are subsequently subdivided into five ‘nations’ (ἔθνεα), wbich might perbaps bave supplied eacb thirty sbips (5 x 30 = 150).

---

ἐσκευασμένοι ὧδε. It is only the head-dress of the Kyprians whicb betrays the oriental element or influence; the rest of their σκευή is Hellenic. Tbe kings have ‘turbans’ wound round tbeir heads (εἱλίχατο μίτρῃσι, cp. c. 62 supra), the commons wear a kind of fez (κιτάριας: κίταρις). κεφαλάς is tbe so-called ‘accusative of reference.’ Cp. c. 77.

---

οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι ... τὰ δὲ ἄλλα ... : tbere is a slight inconsequence <*>or obscurity in tbe passage, but οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι may be taken as a parentbetical antitbesis to οἱ βασιλέες, wbile τὰ δὲ ἄλλα furnisbes the regular antitbesis to τὰς μὲν κεφαλάς.

---

οἳ μὲν ἀπὸ Σαλαμῖνος καὶ Ἀθηνέων: tbese are presumably tbe Teukri: cp. c. 20 supra. That tbere were actually settlements from Athens in Kypros dating from Mykenaian times is not impossible, but less probable than tbe alternative bypothesis, tbat we bave here a false inference from the ‘Teukrian’ element, or name, found in Kypros and in Salamis, and from tbe name Salamis itself. Salamis and Soli (cp. 5. 113) were tbe beadquarters of tbe Hellenic influence, as tbeir conduct during the Ionian revolt attested.

---

οἳ δὲ ἀπ᾽ Ἀρκαδίης. Tbe reality of a connexion between ‘Arkadia’ and ‘Kypros’ is now assured by tbe similarity of the Arkadian and Kypriote dialects. The connexion may indeed date back to Mykenaian or Minoan times, and does not, of course, imply more than tbat Peloponnesian settlements in Kypros took place at a time when the settlers spoke a dialect, wbicb in bistoric Greece was best represented in Arcadia. It must bave been tbe observation of resemblances between Kypriote and Arcadian dialects, and possibly other analogies (cult of Amyklaian Apollo), similarly explicable, that suggested to tbe Logographi a direct connexion between Kypros and ‘Arkadia.’ Cp. Busolt Gr. G. i.2 (1893) 318 ff.; E. Meyer, G. d. Alt. ii. (1893) 222 f.; Bury, i. (1902) 60 ff.

οἳ δὲ ἀπὸ Κύθνου. Kythnos is one of the Kyklades, lying between Keos and Seriphos: tbe inbabitants passed as ‘Dryopes’ (8. 46 infra). Such a connexion would point to tbe antiquity of tbe ‘Greek’ settlements in the island of Kypros.

---

οἳ δὲ ἀπὸ Φοινίκης. The reality of tbe Pboenician element in Kypros is beyond dispute, but it is not neccssarily older tban the ‘Greek’ or so-called Greek, nor perbaps originally were the two elements bostile. Kition and Amatbûs (5. 105) were tbe Phoenician headquarters. The different attitude of the Persians towards Pboenicians and Ionians, and the results of tbe Ionian revolt (498-494 B.C.), especiallyin Kypros, had accentuated tbe difference between tbe Greek and the Semitic elements in the island at the time when Hdt. was writing. The Homeric poems sbow no special bostility to tbe Pboenician, and were tbe Kypria fortbcoming the early friendsbip of Pboenician and ‘Greek’ migbt be further apparent; but cp. 2. 117.

οἳ δὲ ἀπὸ Αἰθιοπίης. Beside the Pboenician and the Greek elements there was a tbird and perbaps a fourtb in the island. The ‘Ethiopian’ must refer to a negro, or negrito stratum—whetber ‘Libyan’ or ‘Asiatic’ Hdt. does not indicate, and such au element tbere probably was in the island (cp. case of Kolchis c. 79 supra); but the really primitive stock, belonging to the ‘Anatolian’ race, is completely ignored by Hdt., unless we are to suppose tbat it is here misrepresented.

ὡς αὐτοὶ Κύπριοι λἐγουσι: the citation of tbe autbority, or source (autbority rather tban source), conveys an indication of doubt. Tbe doubt is presumably limited to tbe last item, the existence of an ‘Ethiopian’ element in tbe population. By αὐτοὶ Κύπριοι we cannot here understand tbe primitive or autocbthonous stratum, as distinguisbed from Hellenic, Pboenician, or Ethiopian elements, but simply ‘dwellers in Kypros’—without etbnic distinction— ‘Kyprian autborities.’

In 5. 113 Hdt. implies a similar doubt as to tbe ‘Argive’ origin of the inbabitants of Kurion (οἱ δὲ Κουριέες οὗτοι λέγονται εἶναι Ἀργείων ἄποικοι); a tradition whicb fits in well enough witb ‘Arkadian’ descent, properly understood. Hence, too, Ἀχαιοί in Kypros (E. Meyer, ii. 78). The bearing of this c. as a whole upon the problem of composition is not, perbaps, very obvious or important; but at least it is observable that there is no reference back to the story of the part played by the Kyprians in tbe Ionian revolt, nor to any other previous mention of Kypros. Tbe Kyprians, like all tbe other peoples named tbroughout tbe lists, are introduced as an unknown quantity. The presumption is in favour of the hypothesis of the prior composition of Bks. 7-9. Cp. Introduction, §§ 7, 8.