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κατὰ νομούς, ‘in every district, for each of the people of the governments.’ H. seems to mean the country is divided into ἀρχαί (probably subdivisions of the βασιληίαι of 7. 2, 120. 3), and these again into νομοί, each of which has its νομάρχης (66. 1). The organization thus hinted at is clearly military as well as religious.

φάκελοι. These ‘bundles of firewood’ in a woodless country are, to say the least, exaggerated. We may note (1) H. gives the measurements from hearsay, not as his own; (2) his information came mainly from Olbia, which is close to the ‘woodland’ (Ὑλαίη); (3) we may conjecture the wood was used to keep together masses of earth inside (this is implied in ὑπονοστέει κτλ.).

ἀπότομα. Reinach (A. R. M. p. 182) says that in Russia tumuli are still found with three sides steep and one sloping.

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