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The ‘demarchs’ were local headmen, under the nomarchs (cf. ii. 177. 2 n., and for the nome names ii. 164 n.).

H.'s story is confirmed by the name ‘Ostrakine’ (Joseph. u. s.) which, lying half-way between Mount Casius and Rhinocolura, was ‘waterless’. Steindorf in 1904, visiting the oasis of Siwah, came upon a collection of broken pottery which he thought might be the remains of a water store such as that described here.

παλαιόν: sc. κέραμον. Translate ‘being emptied (ἐξαιρεόμενος) is carried where the former jars have been carried’.

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