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πρότερον: i. e. viii. 113. 3, where it is clear that the horse are included. The number of the European allies confessedly rests on mere conjecture. No doubt the countries named might have furnished 50,000 men, but it is a suspicious circumstance that the European and the Asiatic forces of Mardonius are each just onesixth of those absurdly ascribed to Xerxes (vii. 184, 185 n.). Again, the fact that their line faced only the Athenians, Plataeans, and Megarians (11,600 hoplites with over 12,000 ψιλοί) points to a force of some 25,000.

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